Muchidzidzo che
Tarachisi
, (Geography), nyika yakatarwa nemhando mbiri dzemitsetse. Kune mitsetse yakatarwa yakati
sambamba
ne
Mutsazanisi
inonzi latitude; kune mitsetse inotenderera nyika ichibata kuNorth pole neSouth pole inonzi longitude. Mitsetse iyi inoshevedzwa nenhamba dzakarongeka. Nhamba dzemitsetse yerumbariro dzinoveregwa dzichibva paMutsazanisi dzichienda kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Nhamba dzemitsetse yehunhungo dzinoverengwa dzichibva pamutsetse weGreenwich Meridian zvichienda ku
Mavirira
neku
Mabvazuva
. Greenwich Meridian mutsetse welongitude unopfuura pedyo ne
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
, kuUnited Kingdom. Naizvozvo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzine nhamba inotaura kuti nzvimbo iri papi mudandemutande remitsetse iyoyi. Ruzivo urwu ndirwo rwakashandiswa muhumhizha hweGPS, Geographical Position System chinova chombo chinobatsira kutaura kuti tiri papi uye kupa rudzivo (direction) rwenzvimbo yatinoda kuenda.
Chirongwa chekutarwa kwenyika nenzira yatsananguwa iyi chinodanwa kunzi Geographic Coordinate System - kuChiShona tochiti
Dandira reMapangana eTarachisi
kana kuti
Dandira reMbariro neNhungo dzeTaranyika
. Zita re
ChiShona
iri rakaumbwa nenzira inotevera:
- Mapangana
(Coordinates) zvinoreva nhamba dzakarongeka dzinotevera mitaro yakatarwa dzinobatsira kuronda pane nzvimbo iri kutsvakwa.
- Tarachisi
(Geography) - iri izwi riri kubva kumazwi ari kuEnglish anoti:
geo
rinoreva nyika (earth), uye
graph
rinoreva mutaro.
Rumbariro
runopima nhambwe yegonya riri pakati peMutsazanisi nechimiso chiri ku
Maodzanyemba
kana ku
Chamhembe
kweMutsazanisi; chimiso chinogona kunge chiri papi zvapo pauso hweEarth. Latitude inoverengwa ichibva paMutsazanisi uyo unopiwa nhamba 0
o
. Nhamba yelatitude inokwira zvichienda kuNorth pole - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +90
o
. Nhamba yerumbariro inodzika zvichenda kuSouth pole, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -90
o
. Izvi zvinoreva kuti latitude 20
o
iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMutsazanisi; latitude -30
o
kana kuti 30
o
S iri kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse yelatitude ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.
Mitsetse yerumbariro inodanwa kunzi
tsambamba
(parallels) nokuti inenge yakati
sambamba
, uye yakataramukana nhambwe dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzose. Kana 1
o
yerumbariroyapimwa tsambamba dzinenge dzakataramukana 111km (kana 69maira). Mugwava we
gonya
rinopimwa parumbariro rwega-rwega zvichibva paMutsazanisi, ndiro zita rinopiwa tsambamba yacho. Somuenzaniso 45
o
latitude ndiyo nhambwe yegonya iri pakati peMutsazanisi ne tsambamba 45, (45th parallel). Saka 45th parallel inenge uri mutsetse wokuti nzvimbo dzese dziri pauri dzine latitude 45
o
; uye tsambamba iri riri pahafu yenhambwe iri pakati peMutsazanisi neNorth pole.
- Mutsazanisi uri pa 0
o
rumbariro. Rumbariro urwu rwakakosha nokuti ndirwo rwunotara pakati-nepakati penyika; Mutsazanisi uri nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Mutsazanisi unosvikwa nemurazvo wezuva wakarurama (direct rays) panguva mbiri dze
usikuhwakaenzana
(equinoxes). Mazuva eusikuhwakaenzana anoitika March 20-21 neSeptember 20-21 apo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzinowana usiku hwakareba 12h (maawa 12). Tsanangudzo izere inopiwa kuchikamu cheMwaka yepaNyika
- Tropic of Cancer iri pa +23.5
o
; inopfuura munyika dzinoti Mexico, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India neChina. Tropic of Capricon iri pa -23.5
o
S; inopfuura munyika dzinoti Chile, Brazil, South Africa, Australia.
- Tropic of Cancer inowana murazvo wezuva wakarurama pamazuva June 20-21; Tropic of Capricon inowana murazvo wezuva wakarurama pamazuva December 20-21. Nguva mbiri idzi dzinonzi
solstice
kuEnglish. Solstice izwi rinobva kuLatin rinoreva kumira kwezuva. Izvi zvisingarevi kuti zuva rinombofamba aiwa, asi kuti rinotora nguva refu kubva pakuyedza kusvika pakudoka zvoita sokunge riri kumbomira mudenga - kunyanya panguva ya 12:00hrs masikati parinenge riri kurova nhongonya.
- Arctic Circle neAntarctica Circle dziri palatitude +66.5
o
ne -66.5
o
zvakaringana kudaro. Mitsetse miviri iyi inotara panotangira nzvimbo dzinowana 24h (maawa) erima pazuva rimwe mumwaka we
chando
(winter), uye 24h echiedza pazuva rimwe mumwaka we
zhizha
(summer). Nzvimbo idzi dzakakomberedza North pole ne South pole.
Longitude
inopima nhambwe yegonya riri pakati pePrime (Greenwich) Meridian nechimiso chiri ku
Mabvazuva
kana ku
Madokero
ePrime Meridian;
chimiso
chinogona kunge chiri papi zvapo pauso hweEarth. Longitude inoverengwa ichibva paPrime Meridian iyo inopiwa nhamba 0
o
. Nhamba yelongitude inokwira zvichienda kuMabvazuva - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +180
o
. Nhamba yelongitude inodzika zvichenda kuMadokero, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -180
o
. Izvi zvinoreva kuti longitude +20
o
iri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian; longitude -30
o
iri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian.
Nekumwe kunyora nzvimbo dziri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian dzinonyorwa dzine vara rinotaridza East, sokuti +30
o
inenge yonzi 30
o
E. Nzvimbo dziri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian dzinenge dzine vara rinotaridza West, sokuti -30
o
inenge yonzi 30
o
W. Nokuda kwekuti runyoro urwu runoshandiswa Pasirose tichasiya mavara anotaridza East neWest akadaro tisingaturikire kuenda kuShona.
Kujekesa Longitude
- Pane nhambwe ye +180
o
kuenda kuMabvazuva kubva paPrime Meridian, zvakare pane nhambwe ye -180
o
kuenda kuMadokero kubva paPrime Meridian. Nhamba mbiri idzi dzinosangana dzichiratidza pane International Date Line apa panova panoverengwa kuti zuva repanyika rinotangira nekugumira. Izvi zvichireva kuti pakudarika International Date Line tichienda kuMadokero tinowedzera musi mumwe. Somuenzaniso, pakudarika International date Line tichienda kuMadokero tinobva pamusi weSvondo kudivi riri kuMabvazuva tichipinda pamusi weMuvhuro kudivi riri kuMadokero. Pakudarika International Date Line tichienda kuMabvazuva tinodzoka musi mumwe - sokuti kubva pamusi weMuvhuro kudivi riri kuMadokero tichipinda pamusi weSvondo kudivi riri kuMabvazuva.
Mepu dzinotaridza mitsetse yelongitude yakatarwa ichibata paNorth pole neSouth pole nerudzivo Maodzanyemba-Chamhembe (North-South). Mitsetse yese yelongitude inocheka Mutsazanisi uye yaka
rurama
painocheka mitsetse yose yelatitude. Tiri paMutsazanisi, mitsetse yelongitude yakataramukana nhambwe inosvika 111km. KuNorth pole neSouth pole mitsetse iyi inonobatana; izvi zvichireva kuti nzvimbo mbiri idzi hadzina kupimwa chaiko kwelongitude.
Nyika ye
Zimbabwe
iri murumana rwelatitude 20
o
S nelongitude 30
o
E. Zimbabwe iri pakati peMutsazanisi neTropic of Capricon, inova nzvimbo iri mudunhu reTropics rinowana murazvo wezuva zvakanyanya. Nzvimbo dziri muTropics dzinodziya nguva zhinji, kana tichienzanisa nenzvimbo dziri kunze kweTropics. Zvakadaro tinoda kuonesana kuti nyika yeZimbabwe inotonhorera zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri mudunhu reTropics. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuti chikamu cheZimbabwe chiri panzvimbo yakakwirira inonzi
duvurwi
(plateau). Nzvimbo dziri pa
hukwidza
(altitude) huri pamusoro dzinotonhorera pane nzvimbo dziri pahukwidza huri pasi.
Heanoi
Mapangana eTarachisi
emaguta ari mu
Zimbabwe
:
Tamboonesana kuti Zimbabwe iri murumana rwune
hunhungo
(longitude) +30
o
E; pose panochinja muyeranhamo ne 15
o
, nguva inochinja neawa rimwe (1h). Zimbabwe inopiwa nguva yakawedzerwa 2h (maawa 2) zvichienzaniswa nenguva iri paPrime Meridian. Somuenzaniso kana nguva iri paPrime Meridian iri pa 06:00hrs, nguva yeZimbabwe inenge iri pa 08:00hrs. Nguva iri paPrime Meridian inonzi
Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT). Nokumwe kutaura nguva yeZimbabwe inodanwa ichinzi GMT + 2hrs.