Natufijska kultura

Natufijska kultura
Geografski obseg	Levant
Obdobje	Epipaleolitik
Datumi	c. 13.050 ? 7.550 pr. n. ?t. ali c. 12.000 ? 9.500 pr. n. ?t.
Tipsko nahajali??e	jama ?ukba (Wadi an-Natuf)
Glavna nahajali??a	jama ?ukba, Ain Mallaha, Ein Gev, Tell Abu Hureyra
Prednik	Kebaran , Mu?abian
Naslednik	Neolitik : Khiamian , Pastirski neolitik

Natufijska kultura je pozno epileolitska arheolo?ka kultura, ki je v Levantu obstajala od pribli?no 12.000 do 9.500 pr. n. ?t. ^[1]^[2] ali 13.050 do 7.550 pr. n. ?t. ^[3]. Kultura je bila nenavadna po tem, da je podpirala sedetarne , to je stalno naseljene ali na pol naseljene prebivalce ?e pred uvedbo kmetijstva . Natufijske skupnosti so morda predniki graditeljev prvih neolitskih naselij v regiji, ki so bili morda najzgodnej?i na svetu. Natufijci so ustanovili naselje, kjer je danes Jeriho , ki je zato morda najdlje stalno naseljeno naseljeno obmo?je na Zemlji. Nekateri dokazi ka?ejo namerno gojenje ?it , zlasti r?i , z natufijsko kulturo v Tell Abu Hureyra , kraju najzgodnej?ih dokazov o kmetijstvu na svetu ^[4]. Najstarej?i dokazi o izdelavi kruha na svetu so bili najdeni na ?ubajka 1, 14.500 let starem naselju v jordanski pu??avi v Jordaniji ^[5]. Poleg tega so najstarej?e znane dokaze o pivu, stari pribli?no 13.000 pred sedanjostjo, na?li v jami Raqefet na gori Karmel blizu Haife v Izraelu , v kateri so ga pol-nomadski Natufijci uporabljali za obredne pogostitve. ^[6]^[7]

Na splo?no pa so Natufijci izkori??ali divje ?itarice. Lovljene ?ivali vklju?ujejo gazele. Po Christyju G. Turnerju II. obstajajo arheolo?ki in fizi?ni antropolo?ki dokazi za razmerje med sodobnim semitsko govore?im prebivalstvom Levanta in Natufijci ^[8]. Arheogenetika je razkrila izpeljavo poznej?ih (neolitskih do bronaste dobe) Levant?anov predvsem iz Natufijcev, poleg znatne primesi iz bakrenodobne Anatolije .

Dorothy Garrod je izraz Natufski skovala na podlagi svojih izkopavanj v jami ?ukba (Wadi an-Natuf), ki le?ijo v zahodnem Judejskem gorovju .

Najdi??a [ uredi | uredi kodo ]

Natufijska najdi??a so:

Sirija : Tell Abu Hurejra , Murejbet , Jabrud III, Tell Asvad , Tell Karamel
Izrael : 'Ain Malaha , El-Vad , Nahal Ein Gev II, jama Hajonim , Nahal Oren, Salibija I, Hilazon Ta?tit, jama Rakefet , jama Kebara
Zahodni breg : jama ?ukba , Anti?ni Jeriho
Jordanija : Beidha , Irak ed-Dub
Libanon : jama D?eita III, Bejrutski peski , Jabal es Saide , Amik

Sklici [ uredi | uredi kodo ]

↑ Edwards, Phillip C. (23. november 2012). Wadi Hammeh 27, an Early Natufian Settlement at Pella in Jordan (v angle??ini). BRILL. str. 21. ISBN 978-9004236097 .
↑ Garcia-Puchol, Oreto; Salazar-Garcia, Domingo C. (1. julij 2017). Times of Neolithic Transition along the Western Mediterranean (v angle??ini). Springer. str. 16. ISBN 9783319529394 .
↑ Grosman, Leore; Munro, Natalie; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1. december 2008). ≫A 12,000-year-old Shaman Burial from the Southern Levant (Israel)≪ . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 (46): 17665?9. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0806030105 . PMC 2584673 . PMID 18981412 .
↑ Moore, Andrew M. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J. (2000), Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra , Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-510806-4
↑ ≫Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread≪ . BBC . 17. julij 2018 . Pridobljeno 17. julija 2018 .
↑ ≫ 'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers≪ . British Broadcasting Corporation. 15. september 2018 . Pridobljeno 15. septembra 2018 .
↑ ≫ '13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world≪ . The Times of Israel . 12. september 2018 . Pridobljeno 16. septembra 2018 .
↑ John D. Bengtson (3. december 2008). In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology. In honor of Harold Crane Fleming . str. 22. ISBN 9789027289858 .

Literatura [ uredi | uredi kodo ]

Balter, Michael (2005), The Goddess and the Bull, New York: Free Press, ISBN 978-0-7432-4360-5
Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" (PDF), Evolutionary Anthropology, 6 (5): 159?177, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7
Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999). "Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel". Antiquity. 73 (280): 402?409. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00088347.
Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, Francois R. (ed.), The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, ISBN 978-1-879621-03-9
Campana, Douglas V.; Crabtree, Pam J. (1990). "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: The Social and Economic Implications". Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. 3 (2): 223?243. doi:10.1558/jmea.v3i2.223.
Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999), A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63247-8
Dubreuil, Laure (2004), "Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools", Journal of Archaeological Science, 31 (11): 1613?1629, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003
Munro, Natalie D. (August?October 2004). "Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian: Implications for agricultural origins" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 45: S5?S33. doi:10.1086/422084.
Simmons, Alan H. (2007), The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape, University of Arizona Press, ISBN 978-0816529667

Zunanje povezave [ uredi | uredi kodo ]

Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja ve? predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Natufijska kultura .

Epi-Palaeolithic (European Mesolithic) Natufian Culture of Israel (The History of the Ancient Near East)
Cultural Complexity (Hierarchical Societies [Socio-Economic-Political Inequalities]) in Mesopotamia: An Outline , arhivirano iz prvotnega spleti??a dne 8. oktobra 2016 , pridobljeno 19. oktobra 2019
The genetic structure of the world’s first farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016

[1] Edwards, Phillip C. (23. november 2012). Wadi Hammeh 27, an Early Natufian Settlement at Pella in Jordan (v angle??ini). BRILL. str. 21. ISBN 978-9004236097 .

[2] Garcia-Puchol, Oreto; Salazar-Garcia, Domingo C. (1. julij 2017). Times of Neolithic Transition along the Western Mediterranean (v angle??ini). Springer. str. 16. ISBN 9783319529394 .

[3] Grosman, Leore; Munro, Natalie; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1. december 2008). ≫A 12,000-year-old Shaman Burial from the Southern Levant (Israel)≪ . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 (46): 17665?9. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0806030105 . PMC 2584673 . PMID 18981412 .

[Moore2000-4] Moore, Andrew M. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J. (2000), Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra , Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-510806-4

[5] ≫Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread≪ . BBC . 17. julij 2018 . Pridobljeno 17. julija 2018 .

[6] ≫ 'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers≪ . British Broadcasting Corporation. 15. september 2018 . Pridobljeno 15. septembra 2018 .

[7] ≫ '13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world≪ . The Times of Israel . 12. september 2018 . Pridobljeno 16. septembra 2018 .

[8] John D. Bengtson (3. december 2008). In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology. In honor of Harold Crane Fleming . str. 22. ISBN 9789027289858 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]