Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat
[2]
(25 December 1918 ? 6 October 1981) was the third
President
of
Egypt
. He served from 15 October 1970 until he was
assassinated
by
Islamic
extremists on 6 October 1981.
Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was born in 1918 into a family with 13 children, and attended a military school.
[3]
After his graduation, he was sent to an
outpost
where he met and became a close friend of
Gamal Abdel Nasser
. There, the two of them became part of a group of young soldiers who later became the
Free Officers
group (both Nasser and Sadat were
colonels
) that overthrew the
Muhammad Ali Dynasty
in the
Egyptian Revolution of 1952
.
[3]
Nasser became the president after the revolution, and Sadat served as one of Nasser's ministers until he died in 1970.
Sadat was chosen as president because Nasser's supporters saw him as someone who they could control. They did not think he would be president for very long.
[4]
However, in his eleven years as president Sadat changed a lot of the things Nasser had set in place, and made Egypt respected for its military strength and political power in the
Middle East
. On 6 October 1973, Sadat started the
October War
together with
Syria
, to try to take back the land Israel had taken from them six years earlier in the
Six-Day War
. The Egyptian army was very successful at the start of the war, and their advance across the
Suez Canal
into the
Sinai Peninsula
surprised Israel and the rest of the world. This success made Sadat a hero in Egypt, and for a time throughout the
Arab World
.
Sadat visited Israel in 1977 and made a speech in front of the
Knesset
about what he thought was the best way to bring about peace with them.
[5]
He was the first Arab leader to visit Israel and make peace with them.
[6]
In 1978, he signed a
peace treaty
with Israel.
[7]
This won him the
Nobel Peace Prize
,
[5]
but made him very unpopular among other Arabs who
did not support peace with Israel
. This led to Egypt being suspended from the
Arab League
at that time.
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Many
Islamists
were very angry about the peace treaty. They made plans to take over the Egyptian government and kill all the main leaders, so that they could bring Egypt back to having an Islamic government instead of a
secular
one. In February 1981, the Egyptian government heard of this plan. In September that year, Sadat ordered over 1500 people arrested because he thought they might be part of the plot. These people included Islamists, but also the
Bishop
and other
clergy
, and many of Egypt's top
intellectuals
and
activists
.
[12]
This arrest was very unpopular. However, Sadat missed a group of Islamists in the
military
who were led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. This group assassinated Sadat on 6 October during the victory parade celebrating the crossing into the Sinai Peninsula.
[12]
Eleven other people were killed in the attack, and 28 were wounded. At the same time, Islamists also took control of the city of
Asyut
for a few days.
Sadat's funeral was attended by many important people from around the world, including
Gerald Ford
,
Jimmy Carter
,
Ronald Reagan
, and
Richard Nixon
, but only three Arab nations sent representatives, and only Sudan's head of state attended. Sadat was succeeded by his
vice-president
Hosni Mubarak
.
[6]
- ↑
Finklestone, Joseph (2013),
Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared
,
Routledge
,
ISBN
978-1135195656
,
Significantly, Anwar Sadat did not mention aspects in his early life...It was in Mit Abul-Kum that Eqbal Afifi, the woman who was his wife for ten years and whom he left, was also born. Her family was of higher social standing than Anwar's, being of Turkish origin...
- ↑
Arabic
:
???? ???? ???????
,
Mu?ammad Anwar as-S?d?t
- ↑
3.0
3.1
"Anwar al-Sadat"
. Retrieved
22 December
2010
.
- ↑
"The Corrective Revolution in Egypt 1971"
. Retrieved
22 December
2010
.
- ↑
5.0
5.1
Alagna, Magdalena (2004).
Anwar Sadat
. Rosen Publishing Group.
ISBN
0823944646
.
- ↑
6.0
6.1
"1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated"
. 6 October 1981
. Retrieved
22 December
2010
.
- ↑
Kelman, Herbert (1997).
"Group processes in the resolution of international conflicts: Experiences from the Israeli-Palestinian case"
(PDF)
.
American Psychologist
.
52
(3): 212?220.
doi
:
10.1037/0003-066X.52.3.212
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 5 March 2016
. Retrieved
22 December
2010
.
- ↑
"Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever"
. 21 August 2010 – via Huff Post.
- ↑
Vatikiotis, P.J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (4th edition ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 443.
- ↑
"Courses"
.
learn.diplomacy.edu
.
- ↑
"Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role"
.
The New York Times
.
- ↑
12.0
12.1
Goldschmidt, Arthur (2008).
A brief history of Egypt
. Infobase Publishing.
ISBN
978-0816066728
.
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