Serbia is trying to join the European Union . According to the European Commission report in 2023 it is doing too little to settle its differences with Kosovo . Its foreign policy is too close to Russia . There is too much corruption and organised crime . Media independence is weak. Aleksandar Vulin , the head of the state security agency, has been sanctioned by the USA for his links to crime, Russia and “promoting ethno-nationalist narratives that fuel instability in Serbia and the region”. ^[6]

An ancient civilization which inhabited Serbia is called the Vin?a culture and used symbols that are called the Vin?a script ^[7] Some people think they are the first writing system . Serbia is also home to the earliest known copper smelting sites and the birth of the Copper Age when people left the Stone Age and went into regular use of metallurgy . ^[8] The same culture contains the earliest evidence of tin alloy bronze which replaced the much weaker arsenic bronze. ^[9]

White Serbs, an early Slavic tribe from Northern Europe, came to Northern Greece in the 6th century. By the 8th century they had created the Serbian Principality, a Serbian country, in the Balkans. ^[10] The Serbs became Christian around the 10th century. For 200 years, the Nemanji? dynasty ruled. They made Serbia a kingdom, built new towns, monasteries, and forts, and made Serbia bigger. In 1371 the Nemanjic Dynasty died out. Serbia became unsafe and local leaders fought each other for control. In 1389 the Ottoman Empire invaded Serbia. They fought against Serbia, Bosnia , the Knights Hospitaller , and the forces of many other local leaders, and won. The Turks fought the Serbs for 70 years until in 1459 the Ottoman Turks conquered Serbia. ^[11]

Once the Ottomans conquered Serbia, they got rid of the Serbian upper class. Most Serbs worked as farmers on land owned by Turks. They had to pay high taxes to the Turks. Some Serbs were forced to become Muslims . But the Serbs had their own laws in the Ottoman Empire through the millet system . ^{[12] [13]} During the 19th century Serbia gradually became independent. During World War I Austria conquered Serbia but lost the bigger war. Serbia joined other Balkan countries to form Yugoslavia .

Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain . The Danube passes through Serbia. The ?ar Mountains of Kosovo form the border with Albania . Over 31% of Serbia is covered by forest. ^[14] National parks take up 10% of the country's territory. ^[15] Serbia has 5 national parks and 22 nature reserves .

Serbia is on the Vardar-Morava Flyway of bird migration, so many birds fly across Serbia when going to Africa and back. Golden Eagle, Nutcracker and Coal Tit live high in the mountains. Nightingale, Chaffinch and Greater Spotted Woodpecker live in the forests in the hills. Saker Falcon, Whinchat and Quail live in steppe and fields in the northern lowland part of Serbia which is called Vojvodina. Syrian Woodpecker, Common Redstart and Collared Dove live in the orchards and farmyards. Black Redstart, Kestrel and Common Swift live in the city center. The Hooded Crow lives everywhere.

The town of Kikinda is known for Long-eared Owls that form flocks in trees at the city squares. Tourists come from other countries to see them. In winter you can see Pygmy Cormorants in Belgrade, at the rivers Sava and Danube.

Serbia is classed as an upper-middle income economy. ^[16]

The major processed vegetable crops in Serbia are potatoes , tomatoes and pepper . ^[17] Serbia is one of the biggest world producers and exporters of raspberries . ^[18] They are a leading exporter of frozen fruit. ^[19]

There are five international airports in Serbia: Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport , Ni? Constantine the Great Airport , Morava International Airport , Vr?ac International Airport and Pristina International Airport .

89% of households in Serbia have fixed telephone lines. There are over 9.60?million cell-phones users. This is larger than the number of the total population of Serbia itself by 30%.

Serbia has a total of eight sites on the UNESCO World Heritage list : The Early Medieval capital Stari Ras and the 13th-century monastery Sopo?ani , and the 12th-century monastery Studenica , and the endangered Medieval Monuments in Kosovo group, comprising the monasteries of Visoki De?ani , Our Lady of Ljevi? , Gra?anica and Patriarchate of Pe? (former seat of the Serbian Church, mausoleum of Serbian royalty) and finally the Roman estate of Gamzigrad?Felix Romuliana . There are two literary memorials on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme : The 12th-century Miroslav Gospel , and scientist Nikola Tesla 's valuable archive.

The most prominent museum in Serbia is the National Museum of Serbia . It was founded in 1844. It houses a collection of more than 400,000 exhibits, over 5,600 paintings and 8,400 drawings and prints, and includes many foreign masterpiece collections, including Miroslav Gospel.

The official language, Serbian , is written in both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets .

Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanovi? Mokranjac is said to be one of the most important founders of modern Serbian music. ^{[20] [21]}

In the 1990s and the 2000s, many pop music performers rose to fame. ?eljko Joksimovi? won second place at the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest . Marija ?erifovi? won the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest. Serbia was the host of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 .

The most popular sports in Serbia are football , basketball, volleyball, handball , water polo and tennis .

The three main football clubs in Serbia are Red Star and Partizan , both from the capital city of Belgrade , and Vojvodina from Novi Sad .

Novak Djokovic , a multiple Grand Slam-winning tennis player and current number one, is from Serbia. Other tennis players from Serbia include Ana Ivanovic and Jelena Jankovic .

• List of rivers of Serbia
• Serbia at the Olympics
• Serbia national football team

• Runciman, Steven (1968). The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence (1.?ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN  9780521071888 .
• Kia, Mehrdad (2011). Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire . Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. ISBN  9780313064029 .