Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
(
Roushie
:
Влади?мир Влади?мирович Пу?тин
; born 7 October 1952) is a
Roushie
politeecian that is
seicont
Preses o the
Roushie
Federation the nou an wis the
Prime Meenister o Roushie
, as weel as chairman o
Unitit Roushie
an Chairman o the Cooncil o Meenisters o the
Union State
. He became
actin Preses
on 31 December 1999, whan preses
Boris Yeltsin
resigned in a surprisin muive. Putin wan the
2000 presidential election
an in 2004 he wis
re-elected
for a seicont term lastin till 7 Mey 2008. He wis reelect in 2012.
For 16 year Putin wis an officer in the
KGB
, risin tae the rank o
Lieutenant Colonel
afore he retired tae enter politics in his native
Saunt Petersburg
in 1991. He flittit tae Moscow in 1996 an jyned Preses
Boris Yeltsin
's admeenistration whaur he rose tite, acomin
Actin Preses
on 31 December 1999 whan Yeltsin unexpectit resigned. Putin won the subsequent
2000 presidential election
, despite widespread accusations o vote-riggin,
[1]
an wis
reelectit in 2004
. Acause o
constitutionally mandatit term leemits
, Putin wis ineligible tae run for a third consecutive presidential term in 2008.
Dmitry Medvedev
won the
2008 presidential election
an appyntit Putin as
Prime Meenister
, beginnin a period o sae-caed
"tandemocracy"
.
[2]
In September 2011, follaein a chynge in the law extendin the presidential term frae fower year tae sax,
[3]
Putin annoonced that he wad seek a third, non-consecutive term as Preses in the
2012 presidential election
, an announcement that led tae
lairge-scale protests in mony Roushie ceeties
. In Mairch 2012, he won the election, that wis criticized for procedural irregularities, an is servin a sax-year term.
[4]
[5]
Mony o Putin's actions are regardit bi the domestic opposeetion an foreign observers as undemocratic.
[6]
The 2011
Democracy Index
statit that Roushie wis in "a lang process o regression [that] culminatit in a move frae a hybrid tae an
authoritarian
regime" in view o Putin's candidacy an flawed pairlamentary elections.
[7]
In 2014, Roushie wis temporarily suspendit frae the
G8
group as a result o its
annexation o Crimea
.
[8]
[9]
During Putin's first premiership an presidency (1999?2008) real incomes in Roushie rose bi a factor o 2.5, while real wages mair nor tripled; unemployment an poverty mair nor halved. Roushies' self-assessed life satisfaction rose signeeficantly an aa.
[10]
Putin's first presidency wis markit bi heich economic growth: the
Roushie economy
grew for aicht year, seein GDP increase bi 72% in
PPP
(as for nominal GDP, 600%).
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
This growth wis a combined result o the
2000s commodities boom
, heich ile prices, as weel as prudent economic an fiscal policies.
[15]
[16]
As Roushie's preses, Putin an the
Federal Assembly
passed intae law a flat
income tax
o 13%, a reduced profits tax, an new land an legal codes.
[17]
[18]
As Prime Meenister, Putin owersaw lairge-scale
militar
an
polis reform
. His
energy policy
haes affirmed Roushie's poseetion as an
energy superpouer
.
[19]
[20]
Putin supportit heich-tech industries lik the
nuclear
an
defence industries
. A rise in foreign investment
[21]
contreibutit tae a boom in such sectors as the
automotive industry
. Housamever, caipital investment recently dropped 2.5% acause o the crisis in Ukraine accordin tae forecasts bi economists frae the
IMF
.
[22]
- ↑
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/919928.stm
- ↑
Hale, Henry E.; Timothy J. Colton (8 September 2009).
"Russians and the Putin-Medvedev "Tandemocracy": A Survey-Based Portrait of the 2007?08 Election Season"
(PDF)
.
The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research
. Seattle, WA: University of Washington
. Retrieved
15 Mairch
2012
.
- ↑
Vasilyeva, Natallya.
"Putin claims to support term limits as he readies to take helm for 3rd time"
Archived
2014-08-28 at the
Wayback Machine
,
China Post
(12 April 2012).
- ↑
"Putin Hails Vote Victory, Opponents Cry Foul"
. RIA Novosti. Archived frae
the original
on 31 Julie 2013
. Retrieved
22 Juin
2013
.
- ↑
"Elections in Russia: World Awaits for Putin to Reclaim the Kremlin"
. The World Reporter. March 2012. Archived frae
the original
on 2019-10-09
. Retrieved March 2012
.
- ↑
Treisman, D.
"Is Russia's Experiment with Democracy Over?"
. UCLA International Institute. Archived frae
the original
on 11 November 2004
. Retrieved
31 December
2007
.
- ↑
Democracy Index
2011,
http://www.sida.se/Global/About%20Sida/Sa%20arbetar%20vi/EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011.pdf
Archived
2012-06-17 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8
, CNN
- ↑
"Russia Temporarily Kicked Out Of G8 Club Of Rich Countries"
. Business Insider. 18 Juin 2013
. Retrieved
25 Mairch
2014
.
- ↑
a
b
Guriev, Sergei; Tsyvinski, Aleh (2010). "Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis". In Anders Aslund, Sergei Guriev, Andrew C. Kuchins (eds.).
Russia After the Global Economic Crisis
. Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School. pp.
12
?13.
ISBN
9780881324976
.
- ↑
"Russians weigh Putin's protege"
. Moscow. Associated Press. 3 Mey 2008
. Retrieved
29 December
2008
.
- ↑
of Russia from 1992 to 2007
International Monetary Fund
. Retrieved 12 May 2008
- ↑
"Russia's economy under Vladimir Putin: achievements and failures"
. RIA Novosti. Archived frae
the original
on 13 September 2013
. Retrieved
22 Juin
2013
.
- ↑
Putin's Economy ? Eight Years On
. Russia Profile, 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008
- ↑
Putin: Russia's Choice
, (Routledge 2007), by
Richard Sakwa
, Chapter 9
- ↑
Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell In and Out of Love with Vladimir Putin
, Yale University Press (2013), by Ben Judah, page 17
- ↑
"The Putin Paradox"
. Americanprogress.org. 24 Juin 2004. Archived frae
the original
on 13 Mey 2012
. Retrieved
2 Mairch
2010
.
- ↑
Sharlet, Robert (2005). "In Search of the Rule of Law". In White, Gitelman, Sakwa (ed.).
Developments in Russian Politics
.
6
. Duke University Press.
ISBN
0-8223-3522-0
.
CS1 maint: multiple names: eeditors leet (
link
)
- ↑
How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower?
Archived
2016-07-12 at the
Wayback Machine
, by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2006
- ↑
Russia: The 21st Century's Energy Superpower?
Archived
2006-10-13 at the
Wayback Machine
, by Fiona Hill, The Brookings Institution, 5 October 2002
- ↑
ПОСТУПЛЕНИЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ ПО ТИПАМ
Archived
2022-02-13 at the
Wayback Machine
Rosstat
- ↑
"IMF cuts Russia 2014 growth outlook, cites Ukraine risk"
.
Reuters
. Archived frae
the original
on 14 Februar 2015
. Retrieved
28 Februar
2015
.