Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
- 中?人民共和?
- Zh?nghua Renmin Gongheguo
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Aurie controlled bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae shawn in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in licht green.
|
Caipital
| Beijing
[a]
39°55′N
116°23′E
/
39.917°N 116.383°E
/
39.917; 116.383
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Lairgest ceety
| Shanghai
[1]
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Offeecial leids
| Staundart Cheenese
[2]
[b]
|
---|
Recognised regional leids
| |
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Offeecial written leid
| Vernacular Cheenese
|
---|
| Semplifee'd Cheenese
[2]
|
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Ethnic groups
| |
---|
Demonym(s)
| Cheenese
|
---|
Govrenment
| Single-pairty
socialist republic
|
---|
|
| Xi Jinping
[d]
|
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| Li Qiang
|
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| Zhang Dejiang
|
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| Yu Zhengsheng
|
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|
Legislatur
| Naitional Fowk's Congress
|
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Formation
|
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|
| 221 BCE
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| 1 Januar 1912
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| 1 October 1949
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Aurie
|
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? Total
| 9,596,961 km
2
(3,705,407 sq mi)
[e]
(
3rd/4t
)
|
---|
? Water (%)
| 0.28%
[f]
|
---|
Population
|
---|
? 2019 estimate
| 1,400,050,000
[8]
(
1st
)
|
---|
? 2010 census
| 1,340,910,000
[8]
(
1st
)
|
---|
? Density
| 145
[9]
/km
2
(375.5/sq mi) (
83rd
)
|
---|
GDP
(
PPP
)
| 2020 estimate
|
---|
? Total
| $29.471 trillion
[10]
(
1st
)
|
---|
? Per capita
| $20,984
[10]
(
67t
)
|
---|
GDP
(nominal)
| 2020 estimate
|
---|
? Tot
| $15.269 trillion
[10]
[note 1]
(
2nt
)
|
---|
? Per capita
| $10,872
[10]
(
67t
)
|
---|
Gini
(2018)
| 46.7
[11]
heich
|
---|
HDI
(2018)
| 0.758
[12]
heich
·
85t
|
---|
Currency
| Renminbi (yuan)
(¥)
[g]
(
CNY
)
|
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Time zone
| UTC
+8
(
Cheenae Staundart Time
)
|
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Date format
| - yyyy-mm-dd
- or
yyyy
年
m
月
d
日
- (
CE
;
CE-1949
)
|
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Drivin side
| richt
[h]
|
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Cawin code
| +86
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Internet TLD
| |
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The
Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
(
FRC
;
Simplifee'd Cheenese
: 中?人民共和?,
Tradeetional Cheenese
: 中華人民共和國;
pinyin
:
Zh?nghua Renmin Gongheguo
listen
(
help
·
info
)
, or
Cheenae
), is a
sovereign state
in
East Asie
. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.
The
Communist Pairty o Cheenae
(CPC) haes led the FRC unner a
ae-pairty
seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been
privatised
in the bygane three decades unner "
Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics
." Durin the 1980s, thir
economic reforms
helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population
(
China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines
, that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)
. Houaniver, acause o this
mixin
o
mercat
an
planned economies
, the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese
global
influence in
economic
,
poleetical
,
meelitary
,
scieentific
,
technological
, an
cultural
affairs.
In an ongaun dispute, the FRC
claims suyerainty ower Taiwan
an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the
Republic o Cheenae
syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes
Taiwan
as a province o the FRC. The term "
mainlaund China
" is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa
Speicial Administrative Regions
,
Hong Kong
an
Macau
.
The wird "China" his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird
C?na
, used in ancient India.
"China" appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian
Ch?n
(???), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit
C?na
(???).
C?na
was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the
Mah?bh?rata
(5th century bce) and the
Laws o Manu
(2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221?206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the
Oxford English Dictionary
. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.
The official name o the modern state is the "Fowksrepublic o Cheenae" (simplified Chinese: 中?人民共和?; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin:
Zh?nghua Renmin Gongheguo
). The shorter form is "Cheenae"
Zh?ngguo
(中?; 中國) fae '
zh?ng'
("central") and '
guo'
("state"), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived "barbarians". The name
Zhongguo
is also translated as "Middle Kingdom" in English.
- ↑
Or (previously) "Peking".
- ↑
Portuguese
(
Macau
anly),
Inglis
(
Hong Kong
anly).
- ↑
Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.
- ↑
Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions:
General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae
,
Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
, an
Chairman o the Central Militar Commission
for baith state an pairty.
[4]
- ↑
The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for
the mainland
an excludes
Hong Kong
,
Macau
an
Taiwan
.
[5]
It an aa excludes the
Trans-Karakoram Tract
5,800 km
2
(2,200 sq mi),
Aksai Chin
37,244 km
2
(14,380 sq mi) an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as 9,572,900 km
2
(3,696,100 sq mi) bi the
Encyclopædia Britannica
.
[6]
For further information, see
Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
.
- ↑
This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.
[7]
- ↑
The
Hong Kong Dollar
is used in
Hong Kong
and the
Macanese pataca
is used in
Macau
.
- ↑
Except
Hong Kong
an
Macau
.
- ↑
The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.
- ↑
Chan, Kam Wing (2007).
"Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications"
(PDF)
.
Eurasian Geography and Economics
.
48
(4): 383?412.
doi
:
10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383
. Archived frae
the original
(PDF)
on 15 Januar 2013
. Retrieved
7 August
2011
.
p. 395
- ↑
a
b
"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)"
. Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Archived frae
the original
on 24 Julie 2013
. Retrieved
21 Juin
2013
.
For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.
- ↑
"Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China"
. China Statistics Press.
- ↑
"New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China"
. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- ↑
"Demographic Yearbook?Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"
(PDF)
. UN Statistics. 2007
. Retrieved
31 Julie
2010
.
- ↑
"China"
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
16 November
2012
.
- ↑
"CIA ? The World Factbook"
. Cia.gov. Archived frae
the original
on 13 October 2016
. Retrieved
23 November
2013
.
- ↑
a
b
[1]
>人口>?人口,
National Bureau of Statistics of China
- ↑
"Population density (people per sq. km of land area)"
. IMF
. Retrieved
16 Mey
2015
.
- ↑
a
b
c
d
"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019"
.
IMF.org
. International Monetary Fund
. Retrieved
30 Mairch
2020
.
- ↑
"China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives"
(PDF)
.
openknowledge.worldbank.org
. World Bank. p. 21
. Retrieved
3 Januar
2020
.
The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).
- ↑
"Human Development Report 2019"
(in Inglis).
United Nations Development Programme
. 10 December 2019. Archived frae
the original
(PDF)
on 30 Apryle 2020
. Retrieved
10 December
2019
.
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