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?????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Ken Menkhaus, ' Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa ,' in Andersen/Moller/Stepputat (eds.), Fragile States and Insecure People,' Palgrave, 2007, 73. Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine .
  2. ↑ Legum, Colin (1989). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 20 . Africa Research Limited. ? ???? ???? B-394. ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   9780841905580 . ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? 25, 2015 . ? ??????????? ????? 12, 2016 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  3. ↑ Bongartz, Maria (1991). The civil war in Somalia: its genesis and dynamics . Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. ? ???? ???? 24. ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? 25, 2015 . ? ??????????? ????? 12, 2016 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  4. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? 1, 2014 . ? ??????????? ?????? 5, 2011 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  5. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? 19, 2015 ????? . ? ??????????? ?? 2, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  6. ↑ Ken Menkhaus, "Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa," Fragile States and Insecure People , 2007, 73.
  7. ↑ Jamal, Ahmad Rashid. "Identifying Causes of State failure: The Case of Somalia" . Universitat Konstanz Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften. ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? 22, 2015 ????? . ? ??????????? ?? 22, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? ) ; (?? 13 January 2013 ?????) . Somalia: A failed state is back from the dead . The Independent .; Anderson, Jon Lee (????? 14, 2009). "The Most Failed State" . The New Yorker . ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? 28, 2015 . ? ??????????? ?? 18, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  8. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? 19, 2015 ????? . ? ??????????? ?? 2, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  9. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2003). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? 4, 2016 ????? . ? ??????????? ?? 18, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  10. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? 19, 2015 ????? . ? ??????????? ?? 2, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  11. ↑ In 2007, Menkhaus wrote that 'armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. Armed clashes continue to break out, but are nowhere near the scale and intensity of the fighting that destroyed Hargeisa in 1988?89 or Mogadishu in 1991?92.' Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.
  12. ↑ In 2007, Menkhaus wrote that 'armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. Armed clashes continue to break out, but are nowhere near the scale and intensity of the fighting that destroyed Hargeisa in 1988?89 or Mogadishu in 1991?92.' Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.
  13. ↑ (?? 24 June 2014 ?????) . Failed States Index 2014: Somalia Displaced as Most-Fragile State . The Fund for Peace
  14. ↑ Menkhaus 2007, op. cit., 76.
  15. ↑ (?? 16 October 2011 ?????) . Kenya launches offensive in Somalia .
  16. ↑ United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226
  17. ↑ "Kenya ? KDF" . AMIS. ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? 2, 2013 . ? ??????????? ?? 5, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  18. ↑ "Communique on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia" . United Nations. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?????? 19, 2013 . ? ??????????? ?? 18, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  19. ↑ (?? 19 November 2014 ?????) . New Approaches Are Needed for State-Building in Somalia . Fair Observer
  20. ↑ (?? 24 June 2013 ?????) . Failed States Index 2013: What Were You Expecting? . The Fund for Peace
  21. ↑ "The European Union announces more than €124 million to increase security in Somalia" . European Commissioner. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? 24, 2015 . ? ??????????? ?? 22, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  22. ↑ Kay, Nicholas (????? 29, 2015). "Somalia's Year of Delivery" . Goobjoog. ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? 2, 2015 . ? ??????????? ?? 22, 2015 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  23. ↑ World of Information (Firm), Africa Review , (World of Information: 1987), p.213.
  24. ↑ Arthur S. Banks, Thomas C. Muller, William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008 , (CQ Press: 2008), p.1198.
  25. ↑ National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). Committee on Human Rights, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Health and Human Rights, Scientists and human rights in Somalia: report of a delegation , (National Academies: 1988), p.9.
  26. ↑ World of Information (Firm), Africa Review , (World of Information: 1987), p.213.
  27. ↑ Arthur S. Banks, Thomas C. Muller, William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008 , (CQ Press: 2008), p.1198.
  28. ↑ "Somalia ? Government" . Library of Congress. ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? 4, 2014 . ? ??????????? ?????? 15, 2014 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  29. ↑ Nannini, Vance J. (January 1994). Decisions in Operations Other Than War: The United States Intervention in Somalia . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  30. ↑ Kapteijns, Lidwien (18 December 2012). Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991 . University of Pennsylvania Press. ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-0-8122-0758-3 . ?????? ? ???? ??? February 7, 2023 . ? ??????????? October 13, 2021 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  31. ↑ Nannini, Vance J. (January 1994). Decisions in Operations Other Than War: The United States Intervention in Somalia . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  32. ↑ Balthasar, Dominik (2017-07-26). "State-making at Gunpoint: The Role of Violent Conflict in Somaliland's March to Statehood" . Civil Wars . 19 : 65?86. doi : 10.1080/13698249.2017.1343411 . ISSN   1369-8249 . S2CID   149160219 . ?????? ? ???? ??? June 5, 2021 . ? ??????????? October 13, 2021 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  33. ↑ Somalia : a country study . Metz, Helen Chapin, 1928-, Library of Congress. Federal Research Division., Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (??? 4th). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1993. OCLC   27642849 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   0-8444-0775-5 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? ) ????? CS1: ????? ( link )
  34. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  35. ↑ Rawson, David (1993). The Somali State and Foreign Aid...United States Department of State (?? ??????? ??? ??). Internet Archive. United States Department of State. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  36. ↑ Lua error in Module:Lang at line 48: attempt to index field 'lang_name' (a nil value).
  37. ↑ Horn of Africa Bulletin, Volumes 3?4 . Life & Peace Institute. 1991. ? ???? ???? 14. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? 19, 2014 . ? ??????????? ????? 12, 2016 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  38. ↑ (?? June 11, 2007 ?????) . Aden Abdulle Osman ? First President of Somalia .
  39. ↑ "Somalia ? Government" . Library of Congress. ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? 4, 2014 . ? ??????????? ?????? 15, 2014 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
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