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?????? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ???? ??? ? ? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??. ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ^{[??] [??]}

?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???. ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ???????? ?? ≪????????? ????≫ (??? ??????) ? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? (Sahelanthropus tchadensis)? (Australopithecus africanus)? (A. afarensis)? (Homo erectus)? (H. habilis) ?? (H. ergaster) ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? (????? ?????) ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????  ?????? -?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??.  ^{[??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??]}

? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??. ? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??. ? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???.

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???? ?????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? (?????? ?????). ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ≪???≫? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??  ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? (?? ??? ?? ????? ??) ?????? ?? ?? ≪???≫? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??  ???? ????. ???? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? (? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????) ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????.  ^{[??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??]}

?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??. ?????? ???????? ≪????≫ ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? (??? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? Celtae ??? ? Celtica ??? ????? ????). ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? (????? ???????) ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. ^[??]

? ??????? ?? ????: ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ? ??????? ????????? ???????? (?? ????? ?????? ??-???) ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.

??????

1. ↑ Sayre, April Pulley (1999), Africa , Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN   0-7613-1367-2 .
2. ↑ (?? 11 September 2013 ?????) . African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society . Huffington Post .
3. ↑ Swanson, Ana (17 August 2015). "5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100" . The Washington Post . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
4. ↑ Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012). "item,4 of the provisional agenda ? General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth" (PDF) . United Nations Economic Commission for Africa . ?????? (PDF) ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
5. ↑ Collier, Paul; Gunning, Jan Willem (1 August 1999). "Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?". Journal of Economic Perspectives . 13 (3): 3?22. doi : 10.1257/jep.13.3.3 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
6. ↑ Fwatshak, S. U. (2014). "The Cold War and the Emergence of Economic Divergences: Africa and Asia Compared". Contemporary Africa . Springer. ? ???? ???? 89?125. doi : 10.1057/9781137444134_5 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-1-349-49413-2 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
7. ↑ Austin, Gareth (1 March 2010). "African Economic Development and Colonial Legacies". Revue internationale de politique de developpement (1): 11?32. doi : 10.4000/poldev.78 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
8. ↑ Dunning, Thad (2004). "Conditioning the Effects of Aid: Cold War Politics, Donor Credibility, and Democracy in Africa". International Organization . 58 (2): 409?423. doi : 10.1017/S0020818304582073 . JSTOR   3877863 . S2CID   154368924 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
9. ↑ Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010). "Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development" (PDF) . Journal of Pan African Studies . 3 (10): 62?85. S2CID   140806396 . ?????:GALE . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
10. ↑ "Africa. General info" . Visual Geography. ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? . ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
11. ↑ Schneider, S.H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M.L.; et al. (????????). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change . Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????   978-0-521-88010-7 . ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? . ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
12. ↑ Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199?1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Archived 19 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine .
13. ↑ (?? 1 July 2017 ?????) . One of Africa's best kept secrets ? its history . BBC News .
14. ↑ "Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: 16 February 2005" . ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
15. ↑ Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmstrom, Helena; Gunther, Torsten; Sjodin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Vicente, Mario; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science . 358 (6363): 652?655. Bibcode : 2017Sci...358..652S . doi : 10.1126/science.aao6266 . PMID   28971970 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
16. ↑ (?? 7 June 2017 ?????) . Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story . The Guardian .
17. ↑ (?? 10 September 2019 ?????) . Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor ? on a Computer ? By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans. . The New York Times .
18. ↑ Mounier, Aurelien; Lahr, Marta (2019). "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" . Nature Communications . 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode : 2019NatCo..10.3406M . doi : 10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w . PMC   6736881 . PMID   31506422 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
19. ↑ "The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world" . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
20. ↑ "New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin" . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
21. ↑ "Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows" . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
22. ↑ Venter & Neuland, NEPAD and the African Renaissance (2005), p. 16
23. ↑ Desfayes, Michel (25 January 2011). "The Names of Countries" . michel-desfayes.org . ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? . ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . Africa. From the name of an ancient tribe in Tunisia, the Afri (adjective: Afer ). The name is still extant today as Ifira and Ifri-n-Dellal in Greater Kabylia (Algeria). A Berber tribe was called Beni-Ifren in the Middle Ages and Ifurace was the name of a Tripolitan people in the 6th century. The name is from the Berber language ifri 'cave'. Troglodytism was frequent in northern Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called troglodyt?s an African people who lived in caves. Africa was coined by the Romans and ?????:' Ifriqiyeh ?????:' is the arabized Latin name. (Most details from Decret & Fantar, 1981). ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
24. ↑ " Afri ". Ausfuhrliches lateinisch-deutsches Handworterbuch (8th). (1913?1918).   Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine .
25. ↑ " Afer ". A Latin Dictionary . (1879). Oxford: Clarendon Press.  
26. ↑ Babington Michell, Geo (1903). "The Berbers" . Journal of the Royal African Society . 2 (6): 161?194. doi : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193 . JSTOR   714549 . ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
27. ↑ Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ., Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN   90-429-1344-4
28. ↑ "Africa African Africanus Africus" . Consultos.com. ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? . ? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )