?????? ???

?????
?????
Deutsch
Pronunciation	[d???t?]
Native to	??????, ????????, ?????????? ?????, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and in some border areas, Belgium, Italy and Russia as a minority language and Alsace in the form of a dialect.
Region	Central Europe , Western Europe
Native speakers	Native speakers: ca. 105 million ; Non-native speakers: ca. 80 million
Language family	?????-???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin alphabet ( German variant )
Official status
Official language in	Austria ; ??????? ; Province of Bolzano-Bozen , ?????? ; ?????? ; Liechtenstein ; Luxembourg ; ???????????????? ; ?????????? ?????? (official and working language) Further official standings in: Krahule/Blaufuß , Slovakia (Official municipal language) ; Namibia (National language; official language 1984?90) ; Poland (Auxiliary language in several municipalities) ; Vatican City (Administrative and commanding language of the Swiss Guard ) Recognised minority language in: Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Hungary ; Romania ; Slovakia ,
Language codes
ISO 639-1	de
ISO 639-2	ger (B) ; deu (T)
ISO 639-3	Variously: ; deu ? Modern German ; gmh ? Middle High German ; goh ? Old High German ; gsw ? Swiss German ; swg ? Swabian German ; gct ? Aleman Coloniero ; wae ? Walser German ; bar ? Austro-Bavarian ; yid ? Saxon-Thuringian Dialect ; mhn ? Yiddish ; nds ? Mocheno ; sxu ? Low German ; cim ? Upper Saxon ; sli ? Cimbrian ; wep ? Lower Silesian language ; pfl ? Palatinate German ; pdt ? Plautdietsch ; vmf ? Main-Franconian ; ksh ? Kolsch ; pdc ? Pennsylvania German language ; geh ? Hutterite German ; ltz ? Luxembourgish language ; rip ? Ripuarian (language) ; uln ? Unserdeutsch

???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Language

?????-???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? , ???????? , ??????????? , ??????? , ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? 12 ???????? ????? ??????????????.

????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????. ??????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????.

?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? 26 ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? (A/a, O/o, U/u), ??? (ß) ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????.

?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? [ ????????? ]

????????	German speaking population (outside Europe) ^[11]
????????? ??????????	7006500000000000000♠ 50,00,000
??????	7006300000000000000♠ 30,00,000
????????	7006140000000000000♠ 14,00,000
????	7005450000000000000♠ 4,50,000 ^[11] ? 620,000 ^[12]
??????????	7005200000000000000♠ 2,00,000
??????????	7005110000000000000♠ 1,10,000
??????????????	7004750000000000000♠ 75,000 (German expatriate citizens alone) ^[11]
????	7004400000000000000♠ 40,000
???????	7004300000000000000♠ 30,000 ? 40,000
??????????	7004375000000000000♠ 37,500
??????	7004300000000000000♠ 30,000 (German expatriate citizens alone) ^[11]
?????????	7004100000000000000♠ 10,000
??????	7004500000000000000♠ 50,000

?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????????. ??? ???????????????? ?????????? . ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World . ?????????, ?????: ??.?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. 2006. pp. 257?270. ISBN Regular:0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7. Deluxe:0-7922-7976-X, 978-0-7922-7976-1 . {{ cite book }}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
↑ SIL Ethnologue (2006). 95 million speakers of Standard German ; 95 million including Middle and Upper German dialects ; 120 million including Low Saxon and Yiddish .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europaischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie
↑ "Deutsch in Namibia" (PDF) (in ??????). Supplement of the Allgemeine Zeitung. 2007-08-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-24 . Retrieved 2008-06-23 .
↑ SCHLESISCHES WOCHENBLATT - Die großte deutsch-polnische Zeitung der deutschen Minderheit in Polen. Information, Kultur, Politik, Service
↑ "Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. - Prominente Mitglieder und Ehrenmitglieder" . Archived from the original on 2009-07-04 . Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
↑ EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europaischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie
↑ EUROPA - Education and Training - Europa - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaic study
↑ http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf
↑ SbZ - Deutsche Minderheit in Rumanien: ?Zimmerpflanze oder Betreuungs-Objekt“ - Informationen zu Siebenburgen und Rumanien
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Handworterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik (in German). Source lists "German expatriate citizens" only for Namibia and South Africa!
↑ "Statistics Canada 2006" . 2.statcan.ca. 2010-01-06. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25 . Retrieved 2010-03-15 .

??????????? [ ????????? ]

Fausto Cercignani , The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony , Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.
Michael Clyne , The German Language in a Changing Europe (1995) ISBN 0-521-49970-4
George O. Curme , A Grammar of the German Language (1904, 1922)?the most complete and authoritative work in English
Anthony Fox, The Structure of German (2005) ISBN 0-19-927399-5
W.B. Lockwood, German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide (1987) ISBN 0-19-815850-5
Ruth H. Sanders. German: Biography of a Language (Oxford University Press; 2010) 240 pages. Combines linguistic, anthropological, and historical perspectives in a "biography" of German in terms of six "signal events" over millennia, including the Battle of Kalkriese, which blocked the spread of Latin-based language north.

???????????????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

Wikipedia

??????????? ????????? ??????????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????

Texts on Wikisource:
- " German language ", Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed., 1911
- Mark Twain , The Awful German Language , 1880
- Carl Schurz , The German Mothertongue , 1897
German (language) ????? ?????????? ????????????
German vocabulary Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine ., a German language vocabulary resource.
Collins online English-German Dictionary
German dictionary Archived 2013-08-05 at the Wayback Machine . English - German Online Dictionary
The Goethe Institute : German Government sponsored organisation for the promotion of the German language and culture.
US Foreign Service Institute German courses

[natgeo2006-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World . ?????????, ?????: ??.?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. 2006. pp. 257?270. ISBN Regular:0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7. Deluxe:0-7922-7976-X, 978-0-7922-7976-1 . {{ cite book }}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )

[2] SIL Ethnologue (2006). 95 million speakers of Standard German ; 95 million including Middle and Upper German dialects ; 120 million including Low Saxon and Yiddish .

[europa-slok-3] 3.0 ^3.1 EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europaischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie

[4] "Deutsch in Namibia" (PDF) (in ??????). Supplement of the Allgemeine Zeitung. 2007-08-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-24 . Retrieved 2008-06-23 .

[5] SCHLESISCHES WOCHENBLATT - Die großte deutsch-polnische Zeitung der deutschen Minderheit in Polen. Information, Kultur, Politik, Service

[6] "Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. - Prominente Mitglieder und Ehrenmitglieder" . Archived from the original on 2009-07-04 . Retrieved 2008-06-25 .

[7] EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europaischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie

[8] EUROPA - Education and Training - Europa - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaic study

[9] ttp://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf

[10] SbZ - Deutsche Minderheit in Rumanien: ?Zimmerpflanze oder Betreuungs-Objekt“ - Informationen zu Siebenburgen und Rumanien

[Handwörterbuch-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Handworterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik (in German). Source lists "German expatriate citizens" only for Namibia and South Africa!

[Statcan-12] "Statistics Canada 2006" . 2.statcan.ca. 2010-01-06. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25 . Retrieved 2010-03-15 .

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