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Marie Antoinette of Austria
Marie Antoinette painted by Vigee-Lebrun c. 1779
Queen consort of France and Navarre
Tenure 10 May 1774 ? 21 September 1792
???????????? Louis XVI of France
????
Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna
??????? House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Bourbon
?????? Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
?????? Empress Maria Theresa
????????????? 21 January 1815
Saint Denis Basilica , France
??? Roman Catholic

???? ??????????? (French: ma?i ??twan?t.) (( / ? æ n t w ? ? n ? t , ? ?? t -/ ; [1] French:  [ma?i ??twan?t] ⓘ ) (?????? 1755 ? 16 ????????? 1793), ???? ???????????? ???????? 1774 to 1792??? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????. ????????????? ??????? ????????. 1793 ????????? 16-?? ???????????? ??????. [2] , [3] ,

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????, ?????? [ ????????? ]

?????????-????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????? ????. ???????????? ?????????-?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. [3] [4] . ???? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????. [2] , [3] , [5] . ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????????. [6]

?????? [ ????????? ]

???? ??????????? 1769

????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ?????-????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????, ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????. ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???? ????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????. [2] ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? 1770 ?? 16-?? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ???-????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????. [7] ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ( ???????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????) ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. [3] [2] ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????. [2] . ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????????. ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????. [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] . ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ??? ???????????????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????????????????? ???????????. [8]

???????????? [ ????????? ]

1774-? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????????????. ????????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????? ????. ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. [3] ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????. ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ?????? [3] . ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????????. 1778 ??????? 19-?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????(?.1781-?.1789) ???? ????? (???????? ??????????????????? ???? ?????????)(?1785-?1795), ???? ?????????? (?.1786-?.1787) ??????????? ????? ?????.

????????????, ????????????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????(???????????) ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????????. [2] , [3]

???????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????????. [9] ? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????????? 200,000 ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????????. ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????. [3] . ]

???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????, ??????????????? ????? ???????????? 3000,000 ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????. ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????, ? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. [2] , [3] , [10]

???????-????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

?????? ?????: ??????? ???????

??????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????.?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????. [11] ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????????? ???????????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????,???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????. [12] . ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????-???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????(1787) ?????????? ???????????. ???? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????. [13] .

1789 ???? 5-?? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? , ??????, ????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????????? ?????, ??????????? ?????, ????????? ???????????. ???????-????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? 1789 ???? 14-?? ????????? ???? ????????. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????. 21 ???? 1791-?? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????. [14] ?????????? ????????????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????????????. ??????????? ??????? ??????, ????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????. [2] , [15] , [16]

1791 ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????? 1792 ????????? ??????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????????? (National Convention ) ?????????. ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??? ????????????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????????, ?????? ???????? , ????? ???? ???????????, ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???????????????? ????? (????????? ??????) ?????????????????????????. ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????????????????????. [17]

????? ?????? [ ????????? ]

???? ??????????? ????????????????- ????????. 1793 16 ?????????. ?????????- ????-???? ??????

1793 ????? 21?? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ????. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????????? (??? ???? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????) ???????. ???? ??????? ?????????????, ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????. ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????. [18]

???? ??????????? ?????????????-??? ??????

??????????? ??????????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

?????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????. ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????.

Le roi Louis XVIII a eleve ce monument pour consacrer le lieu ou les depouilles mortelles du roi Louis XVI et de la reine Marie-Antoinette, transferees le 21 janvier 1815 dans la sepulture royale de Saint-Denis, ont repose pendant 21 ans. Il a ete acheve la deuxieme annee du regne du roi Charles X, l'an de grace 1826

?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????

???? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? 1815 ????? 21?? ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? 1826-? ????? ?????????? ??????????????.

???????????????? ???? [ ????????? ]

???????? ( 1754-1794) [ ????????? ]

???????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. 1794 ??-10?? ???????????? ??????. [19]

????? ?????? (1785-1795) [ ????????? ]

???? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ???? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????. ?????????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????????. [20] 1795 ??? 8-?? ???? ????? ???????. [21]

????? ????? (1778-1851) [ ????????? ]

??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ???????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? 1796 ????? 9?? ????? ????? ?????????????? . ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????????????. ????? ????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????(1824-1830) ?????? ??????????. 1830-?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????. ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????.1851 ????????? 19-?? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ???????????????????????. [22]

?????? [ ????????? ]

  1. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN   978-3-12-539683-8
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 The The Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, by Charles Duke Yonge(1876)
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Marie Antoinette by A.L Fowle 1906
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Evelyne Lever (2006). Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France . ISBN   9780749950842 .
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fraser, Antonia (2001). Marie Antoinette . Doubleday. ISBN   9780385489485 .
  6. ↑ The Private Life of Marie Antoinette -Memoirs by madam Campan Vol. I page 118-119
  7. ↑ The Private Life of Marie Antoinette- Memoirs of Madam Campan Vol1 pages 120-128
  8. ↑ The Private Life of Marie Antoinette- Memoirs of Madam Campan Vol1 pages 115,131
  9. ↑ "Petit Trianon Official website" . Archived from the original on 2012-08-15 . Retrieved 2015-04-01 .
  10. ↑ The private Life of Marie Antoinette -Memoirs by Madam Campan,1823, Vol.II page 1-15
  11. ↑ Marie Antoinette and the downfall of Royalty-Imbert de Saint-Amand 1891
  12. ↑ Francois Furet (1981). Interpreting the French Revolution . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521280495 .
  13. ↑ Men and Women of French Revolution- J. Mills Witham 1933
  14. ↑ Royal Memoirs of the French Revolution Journey to Varennes by Madame Royal (1823) page 13-42
  15. ↑ Marie Antoinette by A.K. Fowle (1906) page 196
  16. ↑ The French Revolution A History by Thomas Carlyle 1859
  17. ↑ Royal Memoirs of the French Revolution : What passed in the Temple Prison -Madam Royal (1827) pages 157-279
  18. ↑ Marie Antoinette by A.W.L Fowle page 236-246
  19. ↑ Marie Antoinette by A.W.L Fowle page 251-254
  20. ↑ Royal Memoirs of French Revolution(1823) :Harmand's report pages 288-302
  21. ↑ Marie Antoinette by A.W.L Fowle page 255-258
  22. ↑ Marie Antoinette by A.W.L Fowle page 259-263

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    ???? ??????????? ????????????????? 1785-86
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    ????? ?????? 1792
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    ????? ????? 1796 ???????????????????
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    ????XVI- ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? (1830- ???????? ???, ???????? )
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