Israel
Terra continens
:
Asia
Territoria finitima
:
Syria
,
Iordania
,
Aegyptus
,
Libanus
Locus
:
31°0′0″N 35°0′0″E
Caput
:
Hierosolyma
Populus
Numerus
:
872 700
,
7 412 200
,
8 463 400
,
8 654 900
,
8 796 200
,
8 891 800
,
9 093 000
,
9 840 000
Sermo publicus
:
lingua Hebraica
Zona horaria
:
Israel time zone
,
Israel Summer Time
,
Asia/Jerusalem
,
UTC+2
,
UTC+3
Moneta
:
new shekel
Sigla
ISO
IL
,
ISR
,
376
;
IOC
ISR
Dominium interretiale
:
.il
,
?????.
Praefixum telephonicum
:
+972
Siglum autoraedarum
:
IL
Tabula aut despectus
Civitas Israel
[1]
(
Hebraice
???????? ??????????
Med?nat Yisr?'el
?;
Arabice
??????? ???????????
Dawlat Isr???l
), breviter
Israel,
[2]
est
respublica parlamentaria
in
Medio Oriente
sub
Maris Mediterranei
litore
sita, diversarum intra parvam suam
aream
geographicarum
proprietatum. A
septentrionibus
Libanum
et
Syriam
attingit, ab
oriente
Iordaniam
et
Ripam Occidentalem
, a meridie
Aegyptum
et
Sectorem Gazensem
. est.
[3]
[4]
Suis
legibus
definitus "
Civitas Iudaica et Democratica
", Israel est sola in
orbe terrarum
civitas ubi
Iudaei
aliis
gentibus
praevalent.
[5]
Solum
lingua Hebraica
est
lingua publica
; incolae autem Hebraica,
Arabica
, aliisque
linguis
late utuntur. Non pauci inter sese
Russice
, nonnulli etiam
Iudaeogermanica lingua
loquuntur, et
pueri
puellaque
linguam Anglicam
in
scholis
discunt
Iudaei eam terram, quam nunc Israel appellant, sibi ab
deo
suo datam esse (Liber Iosue 1, 1-5) arbitrantur. Est enim in
Bibliis Sacris
:
Et factum est, ut post mortem Moysi servi Domini loqueretur Dominus ad Iosue filium Nun ministrum Moysi et diceret ei:
"Moyses servus meus mortuus est; nunc igitur surge et transi Iordanem istum, tu et omnis populus iste, in terram, quam ego dabo filiis Israel.
Omnem locum, quem calcaverit vestigium pedis vestri, vobis tradidi, sicut locutus sum Moysi.
A deserto et Libano isto usque ad fluvium magnum
Euphraten
, omnis terra Hetthaeorum usque ad mare Magnum contra solis occasum erit terminus vester."
Anno
586 a.C.n.
, cum
Nabuchodonosor II
rex
Babylonis
, terram Iudaeam expugnavisset et
Templum Salomonicum
evertisset, Babylonii septuaginta annos in eam terram regnaverunt, sed cum anno
533 a.C.n.
Cyrus II
cum
exercitu
superavisset, Persae ab anno
533 a.C.n.
ad
332 a.C.n.
regnaverunt. Anno
332 a.C.n.
,
Alexander Magnus
regionem
superavit.
Duobus bellis cum
Romanis
(annis
70
et
135
) gestis et praecipue
templo
Hierosolymorum
ab imperatore
Tito
(anno 70) diruto, magna Iudaeorum pars ex Israel fugit. Anno
135
, post secundum excidium, Romani Hierosolyma restituerunt, novoque nomine appellaverunt
Aeliam Capitolinam
.
Iam anno
1917
,
Arthurus Balfour
Scoticus
suasit, ut Iudaei in
Palaestinam
redirent et quamprimum
priori bello mundano
fini imposito
Imperium Ottomanicum
, quod antea
Palaestinam
tenuerat, ruissent.
Post
secundum bellum mundanum
et Iudaeorum in Europa
persecutionem
,
1947
anno
29 die Novembris
,
Consociatio Nationum
Palaestinam proposuerunt inter Iudaeos et
Arabes
distribuendam.
Die
14 Maii
1948
, civitas Israel rite condita est. Quamquam iuxta resolutionem, qua civitas creata erat, urbs Hierosolyma nec ab Iudeis nec Arabis, sed
Britanniarum Regno
regenda esset, tamen
1950
anno, Israel
caput
suum Hierosolyma declaravit. Principio civitati
superficies
14?000 km² erat. 1948 et
1967
vero annis, ager 8000 km² ulterius expugnatus est et usquedum retinetur. Quam enim terram colonis adductis Israel sibi vindicare molitur.
Anno
1967
, Israel
Bello Sex Dierum
ripam occidentalem
Iordanis
occupans intra Palaestinorum fines
colonias
condidit. Quo ex bello
contentio Arabo-Israelitica
, scilicet dissensio inter Israel, Palaestinenses, Arabes, orta est.
Anno
1973
,
expiationis die
, quae Iudaeis sanctissima est, et Aegyptus et Syria Israele oppugnato, a terra propulsati sunt. Qua victoria Aegyptus coacta est, ut Israelem civitatem iure agnoscerent.
Nexus interni
- Abadi, Jacob (2004),
Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy
, Routledge,
ISBN
0-7146-5576-7
- Ausubel, Natan (1964),
The Book of Jewish Knowledge
, Novi Eboraci: Crown Publishers,
ISBN
0-517-09746-X
- Barton, John; Bowden, Julie (2004),
The Original Story: God, Israel and the World
, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,
ISBN
0-8028-2900-7
- Barzilai, Gad (1996),
Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East
, State University of New York Press,
ISBN
0-7914-2943-1
- Barzilai, Gad (2010),
The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor-Is Institutional Separation Warrented?
, The Israel Democracy Institute
- Ben-Sasson, Hayim (1985),
A History of the Jewish People
, Harvard University Press,
ISBN
978-0-674-39731-6
- Best, Anthony (2003),
International History of the Twentieth Century
, Routledge,
ISBN
0-415-20739-8
- Bregman, Ahron (2002),
A History of Israel
, Palgrave Macmillan,
ISBN
0-333-67631-9
- Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (1999),
World Music: The Rough Guide
, Rough Guides,
ISBN
1-85828-635-2
- Cole, Tim (
2003
),
Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto
, Routledge,
ISBN
0-415-92968-7
- Crowdy, Terry (
2006
),
The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage
, Osprey Publishing,
ISBN
1-84176-933-9
- Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1975),
Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon
, State University of New York Press,
ISBN
0-87395-291-X
- Friedland, Roger; Hecht, Richard (2000),
To Rule Jerusalem
, University of California Press,
ISBN
0-520-22092-7
- Gelvin, James L.
(2005),
The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War
, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN
0-521-85289-7
- Gilbert, Martin (2005),
The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab?Israel conflict
(8th ed.), Routledge,
ISBN
0-415-35900-7
- Goldreich, Yair (2003),
The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application
, Springer,
ISBN
0-306-47445-X
- Hamilton, Victor P. (1995),
The Book of Genesis
(2a retractata ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,
ISBN
0-8028-2309-2
- Harkavy, Robert E.; Neuman, Stephanie G. (2001),
Warfare and the Third World
, Palgrave Macmillan,
ISBN
0-312-24012-0
- Henderson, Robert D'A. (2003),
Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook
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ISBN
1-57488-550-2
- Herzl, Theodor
(1946),
The Jewish State
, American Zionist Emergency Council,
ISBN
0-486-25849-1
- Howe, Kathleen Stewart (1997),
Revealing the Holy Land: the photographic exploration of Palestine
, University of California Press, p. 144,
ISBN
978-0-89951-095-8
- Jacobs, Daniel (1988),
Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide
(2a retractata ed.), Rough Guides,
ISBN
1-85828-248-9
- Kellerman, Aharon (1993),
Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century
, State University of New York Press,
ISBN
0-7914-1295-4
- Kornberg, Jacques (1993),
Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism
, Indiana University Press,
ISBN
0-253-33203-6
- Liebreich, Fritz (2005),
Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945?1948
, Routledge,
ISBN
0-7146-5637-2
- Lustick, Ian (1988),
For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel
, Council on Foreign Relations Press,
ISBN
0-87609-036-6
- Mazie, Steven (2006),
Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State
, Lexington Books,
ISBN
0-7391-1485-9
- Morcol, Goktu? (2006),
Handbook of Decision Making
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ISBN
1-57444-548-0
- Mowlana, Hamid; Gerbner, George; Schiller, Herbert I. (1992),
Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf ? A Global Perspective
, Westview Press,
ISBN
0-8133-1610-3
- Roberts, Adam
(1990), "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967",
The American Journal of International Law
(American Society of International Law)
84
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- Romano, Amy (2003),
A Historical Atlas of Israel
, The Rosen Publishing Group,
ISBN
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- Reveron, Derek S.; Murer, Jeffrey Stevenson (2006),
Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism
, Routledge,
ISBN
0-415-95490-8
- Rosenzweig, Rafael (1997),
The Economic Consequences of Zionism
, T Brill Academic Publishers,
ISBN
90-04-09147-5
- Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997),
Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence
, Transaction Publishers,
ISBN
0-7658-0523-5
- Sampter, Jessie (2007) [1933],
"Jewish Colonization Before 1917"
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ISBN
978-1-4067-3834-6
- Scharfstein, Sol (1996),
Understanding Jewish History
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ISBN
0-88125-545-9
- Shindler, Colin (2002),
The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream
, I.B.Tauris Publishers,
ISBN
1-86064-774-X
- Skolnik, Fred (2007),
Encyclopedia Judaica
,
9
(2a ed.), Macmillian,
ISBN
0-02-865928-7
- Smith, Derek (2006),
Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN
0-521-86465-8
- Stein, Leslie (2003),
The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel
, Greenwood Press,
ISBN
0-275-97141-4
- Stendel, Ori (1997),
The Arabs in Israel
, Sussex Academic Press,
ISBN
1-898723-23-0
- Stone, Russell A.; Zenner, Walter P. (1994),
Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship
, SUNY Press,
ISBN
0-7914-1959-2
- Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004),
Culture and Customs of Israel
, Greenwood Press,
ISBN
0-313-32091-8
- Wenham, Gordon J. (1994),
Word Biblical Commentary
, 2,
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, Dallasiae Texiae: Word Books,
ISBN
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Civitates et territoria
Asiae
Israel : politica
Ministri rerum externarum Israelis