Afroameriki

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Afroameriki
Afro-Americans
Wêneyên jî hinek navdarên afroamerîkî
Weneya yekem ; Afroameriki yen navdar, weneya duyem ; li gori daneyen sala 2020an li rejeya belavbuna afroamerikiyan li Amerikaye diyar dike.
Gelhe tevahi
Texmina sala 2023an DYA 40.1 milyon (12,4% ji nifusa DYA ) [1]
Ziman
Inglizi u Spani
Baweriya dini
Xristiyani u Islam [2]
Tekildaren komen etniki
Ameriki
Afroameriki ji kesen ku ji de u bave xwe ve afroameriki ne tene gotin.

Afroameriki (weki amerikiyen re? u afriki u ameriki ji tene binavkirin) komek etnik e ku ji amerikiyen bi bav u kalen xwe yen qismi an tevahi ji Afrikaya bin saharayi pek te. [3] [4]

Tegina afroameriki bi gelemperi neviyen afrikiyen koledar en ku ji DYAye ne destni?an dike. [5] [6] [7] Digel ku hin kocberen re? an neviyen wan ji dikarin weki afroameriki ben binavkirin, piraniya wan tercih dikin ku bi neteweya xwe ya esle xwe bidin nasin. [8] [9]

Piraniya gele afroameriki neviyen nezike 6,5 heya 10 milyon [10] mirov in, en ku ji hela bazirganen mirovan en ewropi ve di dema bazirganiya koleyan a Atlantike ya di navbera salen 1619 u 1808 de ji ware xwe hatin durxistin u bi girani li deryaya Karibe u Amerikaya Bakur weki kole hatine istismar kirin. [11] [12] Neziki 160 sal pi?ti betalkirina koletiye li Dewleten Yekbuyi, nifusa afroameriki ya welet he ji teko?ina li diji cihekariya nijadi didomine. [13]

Dirok [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  Gotara bingehin: Xulamti li DYAye

Destpeken koletiye di cihana nu de [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Yekem mezade xulaman li Amsterdama Nu ya di 1655an de, nigara 1895an ji hela Howard Pyle ve [14]

Diroka afroameriki di sedsala 16an de dest pe kir, dema ku afriki ji rojavaye Afrikaye ji bazirganen koleyen Ewropi re hatin firotin u li seransere Atlantike berbi Sezdeh Koloniyan ve hatin veguhestin.

Yekem afrikiyen tomarkiri yen li Amerikaya ingilizi (ku piraniya Dewleten Yekbuyi yen pe?eroje ji te de) "20 and odd negroes" (20 negroyen xerib) bun ku di tebaxa 1619an de bi reya Cape Comforte hatin Jamestown , Virjinya, weki xizmetkaren kirekiri. Her ku gelek ni?tecihen Virginiayi ji ber ?ert u mercen giran mirin, her ku cu betir afriki hatin birin da ku weki karker bixebitin.

Xizmetkareki kirekiri (ku dibe spi an re? be) de cend salan be muce bixebite. Rew?a xulamen kirekiri yen li Virjinya u Marylande yen destpeke mina koletiye bu. Xizmetkar dikaribun ben kirin, firo?in an kirekirin u ji ber guhnedane yan ji revine dikaribun bi awayeki fiziki bihatana ledan. Berevaji koleyan, pi?ti ku dema karubare wan bi dawi bu an hat kirin, serbest hatin berdan, zaroken wan statuya wan miras negirtin, u pi?ti ku ji peymane derketin wan "ji salek ceh, cil u bergen ducar, amuren pewist" u dravdana picuk distandin. Ji dravdana picuk re "berdela azadiye" dihat gotin. [15] Afriki dikaribun bi qanuni candini u dewaran bikin da ku azadiya xwe bikirin. [16] Wan malbat mezin dikirin, bi afrikiyen din re u carinan bi amerikiyen xwecihi an ni?tecihen Ewropi re zewicin.

Bazirganiya sego?eya transatlantik [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Firotina mirovan bu kareki giring u bi keri. Weki encam, bazirganiyeke behempa li seransere Atlantike li sego?eya Ewropa, Rojavaye Afrika u Karibik pe?ve cu. Hezen mezin en Ewropi ke?tiyen bi cek , toz , tekstil , hesp , alkol , ziv , titun , ?ekir u ti?ten malcekiri bar kirin. Ke?ti dicun beraven Afrikaya Rojava, li wir bi seroken e?iren heremi ti?ten ku bi xwe re anibun bi koleyan diguherandin. Pa?e ke?tiyen bi koleyan barkiri ber bi Amerikaye ve cun, li wir kole li Cihana Nu bi bihayen heri zede dihatin firotin. Bazirganan li cihana nu disa ke?tiyen xwe bar kirin, vve care madeyen xwesti yen koloniyan te de hebun: cay , qehwe , ?ekir , pembu , titun, biharat u zer . Duv re bazirgan vegeriyan bendera mala xwe ya li Ewropaye.

Ev bazirganiya koleyan a transatlantik karsaziyek transneteweyi ji bu. Beri ku neteweyen nujen derkevin hole, ew padi?ahen ewropi yen hezdar bun ku bi awayeki sistematik bazirganiya koleyan a biker bi pe? dixist: Portugal , Britanya Mezin , Holenda , Fransa , Spanya , Danimarka , Brandenburg-Prusya u Swed .

Bazirganiya koleyan a transatlantik ji 350 heta 400 salan ajot. Di hema hema 400 salen koletiya atlantik de, dora 10-12 milyon afrikiyen re? en revandi bi saxi hatin Amerikaye. Car-penc milyon kole birin giraven Karib, ji 3,5 heta 5 milyoni gihi?tin Brezile u niv milyon kole ji ji DYAye re hatin firotin. Le hejmara dersinorkirinen sistematik en nehatine raporkirin gelek zede ne. Te texminkirin ku derdora 40 milyon afriki hatin revandin u kole kirin. Le tene yek ji caran ji girtina li Afrikaye rizgar bu, ji ceribandina birina ji Afrikaye ber bi qeraxe ve, u di dawiye de ji zehmetiyen xedar en li ser ke?tiyan.

Cend kes karibun bi desteserkirin an revine bigihijin azadiye u du re civaken serbixwe ava kirin.

?ere navxweyi ye ameriki u pirsgireka xulamti [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  Gotara bingehin: ?ere navxweyi ye Amerikaye
Xulamen ku li benda firotine ne ( Richmond , Virjinya , sal 1853 ). Bala xwe bidin cilen nu. Bazirganiya xulaman gelek malbat ji hev diqetand, u kesan tekiliya xwe ya bi malbat u e?iran re winda dikir.

Pi?ti ku Dewleten Yekbuyi di sala 1783an de hate damezrandin, piraniya miroven re? he ji di bin koletiye de bun. Piraniya wan li Amerikaya ba?ur peyda bun.

Pirsgireka koleyan di ?ere Navxweyi ye Amerikaye de, ku te de dijberen koletiye ji dewleten bakur serdest in, rolek giring dilize. Di we deme de 20 milyon mirov li dewleten bakur u hema heft milyon li ba?ur dijin. Miroven li bakur pe?veru bun, li ba?ur mirov bi awayeki kevneperest difikirin. Bakur wek heremek pi?esazi ya ge? pe? ketibu u ba?ur ji hela candiniye ve serdest bu. Axayen dewlemend en li ba?ur bi girani pereyen xwe ji candini u hinartina pembu qezenc dikirin. Lebele, wan tene bi saya karkeren erzan dikaribu zeviyen mezin bi keri kar bikin. Ji ber ve yeke, hema car milyon koleyen re? necar bun ku di zeviyen pembu de bixebitin. Li bakur koleti ji hole hatibu rakirin u mirov li pey reca cihana modern bu.

Bi zexten mezin en siyasi re bakur xwest ku ba?ur ji koletiye ji hole rake. Le bele, ger cotkaren ba?uri dev ji keda koletiye berdabuna, we biketana nava fiaskoyeke abori. Li senatoya DYAye li ser mijara koleyan niqa?en xurt hatin kirin. Li ba?ur dengen daxwaza veqetina ji Yekitiye bilind bun. Pevcun ji ber hilbijartinen pe?wext en serokomariye ji gurtir bu. Abraham Lincoln yek ji namzeten heri bi hevi u dijbere koletiye bu. Dema ku Lincoln di Mijdara 1860an de 16emin Seroke Dewleten Yekbuyi hate hilbijartin, Karolinaya Ba?ur derketina xwe ji hikumeta federal ragihand. Di sibata 1861e de, nuneren ?e? dewleten koledar civiyan u biryar da ku " Dewleten Konfederal en Amerikaye " ava bikin. Pi?ti demeke kin penc dewleten din ji tevli ve konfederasyone bun. Richmond (Virginia) bu paytexta konfederasyone u Jefferson Davis bu serok. Dewleten veqetandi makezagonek amade kirin ku ji pir aliyan ve bi ya Yekitiye re hevaheng bu. Lebele, mafe xwedibuna koleyan bi e?kere hate parastin.

Di sala 1863an de, arte?a Yekitiye kesen Freedmen (miroven re? yen xilaskiri) qebul kir. Di weneye de le?keren ciwan en Re? u Spi tene ditin.

Dema ku di 12e avrele 1861an de, le?keren konfederal Fort Sumter li Charleston , Karolinaya Ba?ur topbaran kirin, ?ere Navxweyi ye Ameriki dest pe kir, heta sala 1865an dom kir u wergeriya ?ereki tunekirine. General Robert Edward Lee , fermandare gi?ti ye arte?a konfederal, biryar da ku di 9e nisana 1865an de teslim bibe. Bi ve yeke ?er bi awayeki fermi bi dawi bu. Di encame de 600 hezar kesan jiyana xwe ji dest dan u bi deh hezaran kes seqet man. Zirara abori ya ji ber werankirine gelek mezin bu. Lincoln, ku di sala 1864an de ji nu ve hate hilbijartin, DYAye xilas kir. Di 15e nisana 1865an de ji ber guleyen ba?uriyeki fanatik mir. Armanca Lincoln ya rakirina xulamtiye li hemi dewleten Yekitiye demek kin pi?ti mirina wi pek hat.

Di sala 1865an de, 13emin Guherina Destura Bingehin bi fermi koleti li Dewleten Yekbuyi qedexe kir u car milyon xulam tene di dema ?ere navxweyi u di dawiya 1865an de hatin azadkirin. [17]

Ku Klux Klan , civakeke ve?arti ya nijadperest, demeke kin pi?ti ?er hate damezrandin u li diji gele re?, siyasetmedar u karsazan suiqest pek anin.

Tevgera mafen sivil [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  Gotara bingehin: Tevgera mafen sivil
Be?dar u reberen Me?a 1963an a li ser Washingtone u reberen ku ji Washington Monument berbi Birdariya Lincoln me?iyan. Li ser afi?an diru?men li diji veqetandina nijadi u daxwaza mafen siyasi ji bo nifusa afroameriki hatine nivisandin.

Di dema nuavakirine de, gele afroameriki hemwelatibun u mafe dengdane bi dest xistin, le ji ber siyaset u ideolojiya berbelav a serweriya spi, ew bi girani weki hemwelatiyen pileya duyemin hatin ditin u xwe zu li ba?ur be maf diditin. Di navbera salen 1910 u 1970an de bi xizani u cudakariya nijadi re rubirubunek berdewam hebu, ku bu sedema kocberiyeke mezin u demdirej, ku je re Great Migration (kocberiya mezin) te gotin. Di ve pevajoye de bi milyonan afroameriki ji dewleten ba?ur ber bi Midwest , dewleten Atlantika navin u ba?ure New England , u her weha berbi Kaliforniya ve cun. Wekheviya qanuni pir hedi pe? diket, u di civake de veqetandina nijadi, ku ji sala 1896an vir ve di bin nave separate but equal de qanuni bu, pek dihat. Berevaji ve, tevgera mafen sivil ya afroameriki di nive salen 1950i de derket hole, ku te de kesayetiyen cuda yen weki Martin Luther King , Malcolm X u Stokely Carmichael ji Partiya Pantera Re? pe?engiye digirtin. Tevger curbecur rebazen teko?ine yen siyasi ceriband - wek boykot , beiteatiya sivil u berxwedana be tundutuj - u bi vi rengi we re dawi li veqetandina nijadi ani u re li wekheviya fermi ya tam ji bo gele afroameriki vekir.

Saya tevgera mafen sivil rew?a gele afroameriki ji ber be?darbuna di pevcunen le?keri yen Dewleten Yekbuyi de; kocberiya berbicav a ji ba?ur; rakirina veqetandina nijadi ya qanuni; u tevgera mafen sivil ku li azadiya siyasi u civaki digeriya, guheri.

Siyaset [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Barack Obama (weneya portreya fermi, sal 2012 )

Ji nive sedsala 20an vir ve, pirraniyek mezin a afriki u ameriki pi?tgiri didin Partiya Demokrat . Di hilbijartinen serokatiye yen 2020an de, 91% ji dengderen afriki u ameriki pi?tgiri dan namzete demokratan Joe Biden , dema ku 8% pi?tgiri da namzete komari Donald Trump . Her cend di siyaseta derve de lobiya afroameriki hebe ji, le bandora rexistinen afroameriki di siyaseta navxweyi de nebuye. [18]

Gelek afriki u ameriki di dehsalen pi?ti dawiya Nuavakirine de ji siyaseta hilbijartine hatin durxistin. Ji bo yen ku dikaribun be?dar bibin, heta Peymana Nu , afriki u ameriki aligiren Partiya Komarparez bun, ji ber ku seroke komari Abraham Lincoln di dayina azadiye de ji koleyen Ameriki re bu alikar. Di we deme de komari u demokrat li ?una her ideolojiyek taybet, berjewendiyen bakur u ba?ur temsil dikirin u hem kevneperest u hem ji azadixwaz di her du partiyan de wek hev hatibun temsilkirin. Di dema depresyona mezin a salen 1930i de, bernameya New Deal ya Franklin D. Roosevelt arikariya abori pe?ke?i afroamerikiyan kir. Ji hinge ve piraniya afroameriki tercih dikin ku denge xwe bidin demokratan. Hevbendiya Peymana Nu ya Roosevelt partiya demokrat veguherand rexistinek cina karker u hevalbenden wan en liberal. Dema ku seroken demokrat John F. Kennedy u Lyndon B. Johnson di salen 1960i de qanunen mafen sivil bi awayeki aktif xurttir kirin, dengdana afroameriki hin biheztir bu Demokrat. Di sala 1960an de, neziki seyeka afriki u ameriki dengen xwe dane komarparez Richard Nixon . [19]

Di sala 2008an de, siyasetmedare demokrat Barack Obama bu yekem afroameriki ku wek seroke Dewleten Yekbuyi hate hilbijartin. [20]

Cand [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  Gotara bingehin: Kesen re?
Xwarinek soul food ya kevne?opi ya ku ji miri?ka sorkiri bi meqarne u penir , keskawi , bamyeya sorkiri u nane ceh pek te.
Kanye West , rapgotineki navdar ya Afroameriki

Ji destpeka hebuna wan ya li amerikaya Bakur, canda afroameriki bandorek giring li ser canda cihani heye, wek li ser huneren ditbari , weje , zimane ingilizi , felsefe , siyaset , xwaringeh , werzi? , muzik u nubunen civaki u teknolojik . Tevkariya afroameriki ji muzika populer re ew qas kur e ku hema hema hemi muzika ameriki , weki Cez , gospel , blues , Disko , hip hop , R&B , soul u rock esle xwe bi kemi ve an bi tevahi afroameriki ye. [21] [22]

Candini u bikaranina gelek berhemen candiniye yen li DYAye, mina yams , fistiq , riz , bamye , sorgul , zebe? , renge indigo , u pembu , bandorek giran ji Afrikaya Rojava u afriki u ameriki ve girtiye. Di nav nimuneyen berbicav George Washington Carver e, ku neziki 500 berhem ji fistiq, kartolen ?irin , u pekan afirandin. [23]

Xwarina soul food (xwarina giyane) pejgehek e ku di nav gele afriki u ameriki de populer e. Ew ji nezik ve bi pejgeha ba?ure Dewleten Yekbuyi ve giredayi ye. Dibe ku nave xwarine di nive salen 1960i de derketibe, dema ku peyva soul diyarkerek hevpar bu ku ji bo danasina canda afriki u ameriki (minak, muzika soul) be bikar anin. Afriki u ameriki gelen pe?in en DYAye bun ku tevi kocberen skotlendi yen li ba?ur miri?ka sorkiri cekirin. Her cend skotlendiyan beri ku koc bikin miri?k dipijiqandibun ji, le biharat u tama ku afroamerikiyan bi kar anibun, li ba wan he tunebun. Ji ber ve yeke ni?tecihen ameriki yen skotlendi rebaza afriki u ameriki ya cejkirina miri?ke pejirand. Lebele, miri?ka sorkiri bi gelemperi di civata afriki u ameriki de xwarinek nadir bu, u bi gelemperi ji bo buyer an pirozbahiyen taybeti dihate amadekirin.

Ziman [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ingiliziya afroameriki zarava, etnolekt u sosyolekteke ingiliziya ameriki ye, ku bi gelemperi ji hela cina karkeren bajari u bi gelemperi afriki u ameriki yen cina navin ve te axaftin. [24]

Mijaren tekildar [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Cavkani [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

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  8. ^ Forson, Tracy Scott. "Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does" . USA TODAY (bi ingiliziya ameriki) . Roja gihi?tine 9 sibat 2023 .
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  12. ^ "African Americans - Slavery in the United States | Britannica" . www.britannica.com (bi ingilizi) . Roja gihi?tine 7 adar 2023 .
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  17. ^ Harris, Paul; York, Paul Harris New (16 heziran 2012). "How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans" . The Observer (bi ingiliziya britani) . Roja gihi?tine 21 sibat 2023 .
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  23. ^ "Inventors and Inventions: African-American Inventors - EnchantedLearning.com" . web.archive.org . 13 heziran 2007. Ji orijinale hat ar?ivkirin. Roja ar?ivkirine: 13 heziran 2007 . Roja gihi?tine 22 sibat 2023 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
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