한국   대만   중국   일본 
??????? ???? - ????????? ???????? ????

??????? ????

Coordinates : 52°30′58″N 13°22′37″E  /  52.51611°N 13.37694°E  / 52.51611; 13.37694
?????????????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????
1986????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ’???? ????????’ ?????? ?????????? ???.
?????????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????.
????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????.
??????? ??????? ????? ??????, ????????? 21, 1947???????????. ????-???? ????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????/????????????????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????.
????? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ???? 26, 1963???? ??????? ?????? ????.

??????? ???? ( German : [ Berliner Mauer ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) ) ?????? ??????????? ????????? (GDR, ????? ?????? )?? ????????? ????????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? (???? ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ??????????) ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????, " ????? ????????? " ????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????.

???????? [ ???????? ]

  • ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? (the IGB) ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ??????????. ????? ??????????? ?????, 3.5 ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? GDR???? ????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????.
  • ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????????. 1961???? 1989?????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? GDR ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????????. [?]
  • ??? ???????? ???? ?????? 5,000 ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? 100???? 200 ???? ??? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ?????????? " ??????????-?????? ??????? ????" ( German : [ Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) ) ???? ??????????? GDR ?????????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????-????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????.
  • ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? " ???? ??? ????(????????? ????) "? ???? ??????????????. ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????.
  • 1989?????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? -?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 9, 1989???? ????? GDR ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????.
  • ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????, ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????;
  • ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???-?????? ???? ??????????. ??? ???????? 3, 1990???? ????????????.

???????? [ ???????? ]

??????????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? [ ???????? ]

  • ????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????(????????? ??) ????? ?????????, ??? ??????, ????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????. [?] 1945????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ???????. [?]
  • ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. [?] ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????????. [?] [?]
  • ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ?????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????????. [?]
  • ???????????-????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????, ????? ??? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????.????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [?] ???????? ????? ?????? SMERSH ????? ??? ???????????. [?]
  • 1948?????, ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????. [??] ???????? ????????, ???????, ??????????, ?????, ???????????, ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? "??????? ??????????"(??????? ???? ??????????)????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????. [??]
  • ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????. 1948? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????????, [??] ????? ??? ???????? ?????? 300,000????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????. [??]
  • ?? 1949????? ????????????? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. [??] [??] ???????? 7, 1949???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? (????? ??????) ? ????????????? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????. ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????. [??] [??]
  • ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ( "Soziale Marktwirtschaft" ??????)????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ( ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? )???? ????? ?????????????.
  • 1950? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? " ?????? ??????? "???? ???????????????. ( "Wirtschaftswunder" ). ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????.

1950? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? [ ???????? ]

  • ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????. [??] ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? 1950????? 197,000; 1951????? 165,000 ????? 1953????? 331,000?????????. [??] [??]
  • 1953????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ? ??????? 1952? ????? ????? 1953? ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????. [??] 1953? ???? ??? ?????????????? 226,??? ???? ????? ???????. [??]

?????? ?? ???? ??????? [ ???????? ]

  • 1950? ???? ????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????, ???? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????????????. [??] ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????,
  • ?????????, ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. [??] 1952?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????. [??]
  • ??????? 1, 1952???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????; ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? , GDR????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????(??????????)?? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????.
  • ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? "??????"????????????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???? ????? ????, "????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? - ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????????... ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????." [??]
  • ??????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ????, ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??? ????? ?????????????????. * ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? GDR????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????. 1955????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????. [??] ????????, ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ’????’ ????? ???????????? ??????.
  • ????, ? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? 1956????? ????????????. [??] ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, "????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????????, ?????????????, ??? ???????????? (?????)????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???????????." [??]

??????? ????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

  • ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? 1952????? ??????????????, [??] ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????. [??] ?????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????. [??]
  • ???????? 11, 1957???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? 60???? ?????? ????? 90?????????. [??] ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????????. [??]
  • ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? " ???????? "????????, ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????. [??] 1961? ???????? ???????? 3.5 ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? 20 ????????????????. [??]

???????????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

  • ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? " ??????? ????? "???? ???????????????. [??] ???? CPSU ? Director on Relations with Communist and Workers Parties of Socialist Countries ?????? ???? ?????????? , ?????? 28, 1958???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? 50%????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??????????????. [??]
  • ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????. [??] ???? "???????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase." [??]
  • 1960? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? 61%????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? ? ???????? 70.5%???????????. [??] ? ?????? ????????????, ??????????, ???????, ????????, ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????. [??] ???????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? $7 ???????????? $9 ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? $17 ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????. [??]
  • ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? 22.5 ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????????. [??] ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????, ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????. [??]

??????? ????, 1961 [ ???????? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????,??????? 20, 1961.
  • ???? 15, 1961????, ??????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ????? GDR ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????, "Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!" (???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????!) ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? Mauer (????)????? ?????????? ??????????????.
  • ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? 1???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????. [??] [??] ??????, ?????? 12, 1961???? GDR? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? Dollnsee ? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ???????. ????? Ulbricht ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????.
  • ??????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????; ????? ?????? 13? ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? 156 ?????????(97 ????)?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? 43 ?????????(27 ????)?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????.
  • ? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? 15???? ?????? ????????? ??????????.
  • ????????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????? (NVA) ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? (KdA)? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????.
  • ??? ????? ????? ???????, ???????, ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ?????? 1961? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? " ????? ?????? ?? ??? "(???????? ????????? ?????????????) ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????.

?????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

  • ????????? ??????-????? ???? ?????????????????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????????.
  • ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ( Oberburgermeister ) ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ???????????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????.
  • ???? 25, 1961???? ????? ?????????????, ??.????? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? [??] ; ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????????.
  • ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????. ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????.
  • ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????, ??.???. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? "?????????????? ????? ???"???? ????????????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????????????? ????????.
?????????????, 1968. ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? "???? ????" ??? ??????? ??????????????
Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) speech
Speech from the Rathaus Schoneberg by John F. Kennedy, June 26, 1963. Duration 9:22.
? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????.
  • ??.???. ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????????.
  • ???? ????? ?????????????? GDR/???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????; ? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????. [??]
  • ????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? "?????????? ?????? ??????? ????"???????? ( German : [ "antifaschistischer Schutzwall" ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) ) ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????. [??] ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. [??]
  • ? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????, ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. [??]
  • ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????????????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????. 1955????? ???????? ????? ??????? SED ???????????? ????????????????? '??????????? ???????????' ? ???????? ????? ????????.:

Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation, leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity.

Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism, whether they know it or not. Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a "guaranteed future" one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting, and is already showing the first fruits, for the place that favors a new war and destruction? Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens, whether young people, workers, or members of the intelligentsia, leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners, Junkers , or militarists? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness? ... [W]orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic, the strong bastion of the fight for peace, to serve the deadly enemy of the German people, the imperialists and militarists. [??]

???????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

  • ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??. ???? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????.
  • ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??. ??????? ?????? 19, 1961? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????. ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????  ? ?????????? ????, ????? ????? ????????????????????? ( Forces Francaises a Berlin ).
  • ?????? 16???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????????????? ???? ???????. ?????? 19????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ??????, 18?? ??????????? (?????? ??????? ???. ?????? ????????? ????????????)????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????. [??]
  • ??????? ??????? ??.???.? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? 1500 ??????????????????? 491 ??????? ????? ??????????? - 06:34? ???????? ?????????????-???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????.
  • ???????????? ??? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????/????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??.???.??????? ???????????????. ? ?????? 160 ?????????(100 ????)?????? ?????????????, ????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? 177 ?????????(110 ????)?????? ???????????. * ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????.
  • ?????? 21???? 04:00? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?. ????????? ????? 4,224 ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????.
  • ?????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????????????????; ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????.
  • ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????????. ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????:
  • ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. GDR? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????.
  • ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????????????.

?????? ????? ??????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????????????(1989)
  • ??????? ?????? 140 kilometres (87 mi)???? ?????? ????????????. ???? 1962????? ???? ??????, ??????????? 100 metres (110 yd) ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ????
  • ? ???????? ???????????? ???? (?? ???????? ???????)????? ???????????, ? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????; [??]
  • ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????. 
?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????:
  1. ???? ???? (1961)
  2. ??????? ???? ???? (1962?1965)
  3. ????????? ???? (1965?1975)
  4. Grenzmauer 75 (??? ???? 75) (1975?1989)
  • The "??????? ??????? ????"????? ?????????? " Stutzwandelement UL 12.11 " (????? ?????? UL 12.11???? ??????????) ???? ????????????????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????. Begun in 1975 [??] ????? ???????? ?????? 1980? ???????? ????? ? ?????? [??] ???????? ????? 3.6 metres (12 ft) ????? ???? 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) ?????????? ??????????? 45,000 ???????? ???????? ???????????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? 16,155,000 ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? 3,638,000 ???????? ???????? ????????? . [??] * ? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????. [??] ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????. [??]
  • ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? , ???????? ????, ????-???? ???????, ????????????? , ???? ?????? ???????, "???? ?????????"? ???? ???????????????? ????????????? " ?????? ????????? ", 116???? ?????? ????????????? , [??] ????? 20 ????? ??? ??????.
  • ????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. [??]

????????????? ??????????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ??????????? ????? ???? [ ???????? ]

  • ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????, ??? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ???????, ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????????.
  • ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? GDR ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? (????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ?????? ???????????,
  • ??? ????????). ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????, ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????. [??]
  • ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ( ?????? , ?????????????? , ?????????? ), ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????.
  • After the 1972? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? (??? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ???? ???)????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????(???? ??????????????? ).
???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ’?? ??? ???????’ ????????.
  • ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????, ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????????? (???????????? ?????), ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? (???????????????? ???????????? ??????) ???????????????? ???????-????????????? ??????? .
  • ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????(?????? ???????) ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????.

?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????????.

  • ????? ????????????, ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???-???? ????? ??-???? ??? ????????? ??????????????????. [??] ????? ??????? ???????? ????????; ?????? ??????????????? ???????????.
  • ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ( Geisterbahnhofe , ???? ?????? ???????????s ) ???? ????????? ?????????????????. ????? ????? ??????? ????????? Friedrichstraße ????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????? (???????? ?????????????) ?????? ????????????????.

???? ?????????????? [ ???????? ]

  • ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????????. ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????????.
  • ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????????.
  • 1980? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? DM 25??????? ????? ?????? ????????? 1:1????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????????.
  • ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? DM 5 ????????? ????????? ??????????????; ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????????????.???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ???? ????? ??????????????? 26 ?????? 1961???? 17 ???????? 1963?????? ?????????????????.
  • 1963????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????( Passierscheinregelung ). ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? 1964, 1965 ????? 1966????? ?????????.
  • 1971????? Four Power Agreement on Berlin ? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????.
  • ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????????????. ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????. ? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????????, ????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????????:
  • 1965? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????.
  • ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????.
  • ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????? (???. ????????, ????? ??????, ??????????, ?????? ???????.)
  • ????, ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????, ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???, GDR ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? (DM) ??????????????????, ?????
  • ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????????. ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? GDR ??????????? ??????????? ???? DM ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ( Begrußungsgeld , ???? ????????) ??????????.
  • ????? ????????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????????, ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? (?????? ????????) ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????.
  • ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????.
  • ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? GDR? ??????????? ????? ??????????????;
  • ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? GDR????. ? ???????????, ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? Military Liaison Missions ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????.
  • ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????????:
?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????
  • ??????????: ?????????????-??????? ??????? (A2) (???????????? ????? ????? ??????, ???????????). ? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????.
  • ?????????: ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? GDR? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????????. ?????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? (???????) ???????? ????????? ????????????????. GDR? ???? ???????????, ? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????. ? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????.
????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????

??????? ?????????????? GDR? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ??? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????.

??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????????. ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????????. ???? ????????????, ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????????.

????? ?????????? [ ???????? ]

?????:Conrad-schumann.jpg
NVA ??????? ???????? ????? ????? 1961? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????????.

?????? ???????????????? ??????????, ?????? 5,000 ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????, ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????????. ? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 200???? ????????. [??] [??] ????????????? ? Center for Contemporary Historical Research ( ZZF )? ???????? ??????? ???????? 136 ?????????? ???????????. [??] ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? 98 ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????.

????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? "?????????? ?????????"? ?????????. GDR ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? 1973? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????: "????? ????????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????, ? ????????? ? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????." [??]

??????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ?????? 15, 1961???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????. [??]

??????? 1963????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? 19 ??????? Nationale Volksarmee ? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????. ? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????. [??]

?????? ??????????????? ??????, ????????????????, 1982

????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????: ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????, ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????, ????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????. ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? (?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????) ???? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? Gesellschaft fur Sport und Technik? ???? ???????? Zlin Z 42 M ????? RAF Gatow ????? ???? ????????. DDR-WOH ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????????????, ????? ??? ???? RAF ? ??????????? ???????????? "???? ????????????????" ????? "????? ?????????" ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????. DDR-WOH ?????? ??????????, ???? ??? ????????????? D-EWOH ???? ????????.

????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ’??????’??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????????, ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (?????? 18). ??????? ?????? 17, 1962???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? "????? ?????????"????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. [??] ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? 6, 1989???? ?????? ?????????? .

"??????? ?????????, ? ????????? ??????????!" [ ???????? ]

???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ???? 1987: “????????? ?????????????!”
Tear down this wall
Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , June 12, 1987
? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????.
Main article: Tear down this wall 
???? 12, 1987???? ????????? 750??? ??????????? ??????????? 
[??]
, 
????????????????? ????
????? ???? ??????? 
???????? ?????
 ???? 
???????? ??????
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????? ?????????
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???????? ??????
? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????:

We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization , come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! [??]

??? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ???? ?????????????????,1989; ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.
????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????, 10 ??????? 1989

?????? 23, 1989???? ????? ?? ????????????????? ???? ???????????????????? ????????????, ????? ???????????????? 13,000???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????. [??] ??? ????????????? ????????????. ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????. ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????. ????????? ????? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????. ( ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? .) ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? 18, 1989???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????. ? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? "?????? ???? ????"??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????.

?????????? 1989????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???? [ "Wir wollen raus!"] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) ("???? ??????? ????!") ???? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????????????? "Wir bleiben hier" , ("???? ??????? ???????!") ???? ????? ????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? 1989? ?????? " ???????? ??????? " ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????. [??] ??????? 4? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? (???????????, 07) ???????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????.

??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????????. ??????????? ??????????, ??????? 9???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????. ??? ???, ???????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? 17, 1989???? ?????? ??????????????.

?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????; ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. [??] ??????? 9? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????. ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????????????, ???? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????? - ????, ???? ??????????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????. ???????????? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ??????. ANSA ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? "???? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ????????" ???? ???????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. [??]

???????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????, 10 ??????? 1989

???? ????? ARD ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????????????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????: "? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????." "????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????." [??]

? ??????????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????????. [??] ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????. ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????.

???????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????.??????? ???????? 1989.
???????? 21, 1989???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????

??????? 9???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????????????. ???? ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???,??????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????. ???? ?????? "Mauerspechte" (????? ??????????) ??? ????????????????..

????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ( ??????????????? ???????? , ?????????? ????? , ????????? ???????? ) ???????????? ????????. ? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????????. ? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? "????? ???????????????" ???? ??????? ???????????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????. 1990? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ???????? 22, 1989???? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ??? ??????????????.

?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????.

?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? 23???? ????-???? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? 25 DM ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????????. ????????? ??????? 9 ????? ???????? 23??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????.

??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????. ????? ???????? 1990

??????? 9? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????????????? ???????????? ?????. ???????????? ??????? 9? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????????????. ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? "???? ?????"?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????????????. ???? 13, 1990???? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ???? 1???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???, ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????????????????. ? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ( Bundeswehr ???????? ????????? ?????????) ??????? 1991?????? ? ???? ?????????????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????.

??????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? 2009

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????????, ?????? ????????????? ???????? 3, 1990???? ?????????????????.

????? [ ???????? ]

????? ??.??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???-?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ?????????? 1989?????, ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. [??] [??]

“ We do not want a united Germany. This would lead to a change to postwar borders, and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security. [??] ”

??????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???????. [??]

???????? [ ???????? ]

???????? 25, 1989????, ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????????? 9?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ( ??? ?? ???? ) "????" ( Freude ) ??? ??? ?????? "???????" ( Freiheit ) ????? ???????????. ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????, ???????? ?????????, ??????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????. [??]

21 ???? 1990???? ??????????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????????????? , ????? ?????????????? ???? ???? , ????????????? , ??????? ?????? , ?????? ?’ ????? , ????? ?????? , ???? ?????? , ???????? ????????? , ?????? ?????? , ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ???? " ??????? ???? ??????? " ????? ???????.

?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? 9 ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????. [??] ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????? ????, ??????? 9 1848? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????, 1918????? ????? ??????????? II ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? 9 1923? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??????????????, 1938????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ????????? "???? ??????? 9 ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? - 51 ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????." [??] ???????? ???????? 3?????? ?????????? ????????????????????; ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????.

20?? ???????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

??????? 9, 2009???? ??????? ????????????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? "????????? ??? ???????" ????? ??????? ????? ???? 20?? ????????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? 1000 ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????????????. [??]

????????? ???????????? ??????????? Twitter ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? Berlin Twitter Wall ????? ????????????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????. Berlin Twitter Wall ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????????. [??] [??] [??]

???????? ??????????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? "??????????? ???????????" ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????. ? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????????????. 2009? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????? "??????? ?????? ??????" ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????. [??]

?????? ????????????? Mauerreise (????? ???) ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????????. ?? 2009??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????. ????? ????????????: ??????, ????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????. ? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ????????????? ????? ????????? 「????」? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????????. [??]

??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????????, Twinity?? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????. [??] ??????? 5???? ???? MTV Europe Music Awards ?????, U2 ????? Tokio Hotel ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????. U2 ’??? ? ??????????????? ????’ ????? Tokio Hotel "??????? ??????? ?? ????" ????? ?????????????.

?????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????????????. [??]

?????? [ ???????? ]

  • ಫ್ರೀಡರಿಕ್‌ಶೇನ್‌ನ ಆಸ್ಟ್‌ಬಾನ್‌ಹಾಫ್‌ನ ಬಳಿ ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿರುವ ಗೋಡೆಯ ಭಾಗ, ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 2006
    ???????????????? ????????????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???, ?????? 2006
  • ಟಾಪಾಗ್ರಫಿ ಆಫ್ ಟೆರರ್ ಬಳಿಯ ಗೋಡೆಯ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳು, ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 2007
    ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????, ?????? 2007
  • ದಾಟಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿ ಸಾವಿಗೀಡಾದವರ ನೆನಪಿಗಾಗಿ ಸಾವಿರಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಶಿಲುಬೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗೋಡೆಯ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗ.ಈ ಸ್ಮಾರಕವು 2004ರಿಂದ 2005ರವರೆಗೆ ಇದ್ದು ನಂತರ ಅದನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಹಾಕಲಾಯಿತು.
    ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???.? ???????? 2004???? 2005?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????????.
  • ಗೋಡೆಯಿದ್ದ ಕಡೆ ಈಗಿರುವ ನುಣುಪುಗಲ್ಲಿನ ಸರಣಿಗೊಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆ.ಫಲಕದ ಮೇಲೆ "BERLINER MAUER 1961–1989" ಎಂದು ಬರೆದಿದೆ
    ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????.???? ???? "BERLINER MAUER 1961?1989" ???? ???????
  • ಚೆಕ್‌ಪಾಯಿಂಟ್ ಚಾರ್ಲೀಯ "BERLINER MAUER 1961–1989" ಫಲಕವು ಗೋಡೆಯಿದ್ದ ಜಾಗವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
    ???????????? ??????? "BERLINER MAUER 1961?1989" ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????.
  • ಬರಹವಿಲ್ಲದ ಒಂದು ಗುರುತಿನ ನುಣುಪುಗಲ್ಲು
    ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????

????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????: ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ???????????????, ???? Gestapo ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ??????? (?????????????) 80-??????? (263 ???) ????? ??? ; ????????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? (??????????????) ?????? ??????? ???; ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? 1999????? ????????????? ???????????????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????.

??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????????????. ??? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????????. ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? eBay ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ??????? ??? "????" ????????? ????? ???????????????, ??????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????.

????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? 200-????? (656 ???) ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????????. ???? ????????????? 1,000???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ? ??????????? ???????? 2004????? ?????????? ???? 2005????? ???????????????. [??]

?????????? ?????????? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????????????, (???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ), ????????? ?????? Mauer im Kopf (??????????? ????) ???? ??????????????????. ?????????? 2004????? ?????? ???????????? ????? 25 ?????? ??????? ????? ????? 12 ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? "????"????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????. [??] ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? 2009????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????? (?????????? ????? 8; ??????????? ????? 12) ??? ???????? ????????. ?????, ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????. [??]

?????? VTsIOM ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? "?????????? ??????"??????????? ???????????. ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????, ????? 24????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????. [??]

????????????? ????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

????????? ????????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????, ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????????????????? ???? ???????????, ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????.

?????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ Monday, Nov. 20, 1989 (1989-11-20). "Freedom! - TIME" . TIME<!. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25 . Retrieved 2009-11-09 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  2. ↑ Miller 2000 , p. 4-5
  3. ↑ Miller 2000 , p. 16
  4. ↑ Miller 2000 , p. 10
  5. ↑ Miller 2000 , p. 13
  6. ↑ ?.? ?.? Wettig 2008 , p. 95-5
  7. ↑ ?.? ?.? Wettig 2008 , p. 96
  8. ↑ ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????-???????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????????. (??????, ?????? ??????. The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West , Yale University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-300-03865-8 , ??? 20)
  9. ↑ Turner 1987 , p. 47
  10. ↑ Gaddis 2005 , p. 33
  11. ↑ Miller 2000 , p. 65-70
  12. ↑ Turner 1987 , p. 29
  13. ↑ ??????-?????????, ??????, Confronting the German Question: Germans on the East-West Divide , Berg Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-85496-684-6 , ??? 143
  14. ↑ Gaddis 2005 , p. 34
  15. ↑ Miller 2000 , p. 180-81
  16. ↑ Wettig 2008 , p. 179
  17. ↑ ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? "?????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????." ???? ???????????????. (Wettig, Gerhard, Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield, 2008, ISBN 0-7425-5542-9 , page 179)
  18. ↑ ??.? ??.? Thackeray 2004 , p. 188
  19. ↑ [ Bayerisches Staatsministerium fur Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Familie und Frauen, Statistik Spataussiedler Dezember 2007 ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) , p.3 (in German)
  20. ↑ Loescher 2001 , p. 60
  21. ↑ Loescher 2001 , p. 68
  22. ↑ Dale 2005 , p. 17
  23. ↑ Dowty 1989 , p. 114
  24. ↑ Dowty 1989 , p. 116
  25. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? Dowty 1989 , p. 121
  26. ↑ Harrison 2003 , p. 240-fn
  27. ↑ Harrison 2003 , p. 98
  28. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? ??.? Harrison 2003 , p. 99
  29. ↑ ???? ??????????, Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945?1961 , p. 56. Oxford University Press , 2006
  30. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? ??.? ??.? Dowty 1989 , p. 122
  31. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? Harrison 2003 , p. 100
  32. ↑ ????? ?????? ??????????, Modern Germany: Society, Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century , p. 227. Cambridge University Press , 1987
  33. ↑ Pearson 1998 , p. 75
  34. ↑ Wiegrefe, Klaus. "Wir lassen euch jetzt ein, zwei Wochen Zeit" , [ Spiegel Online - einestages ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup ( help ) , May 2009
  35. ↑ Record of the conversation
  36. ↑ US Politics Guide Archived 2010-03-06 ???????? ?????? ?????. - speech transcript
  37. ↑ ?????, ?????????. The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 - 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006
  38. ↑ Goethe-Institut - Topics - German-German History Goethe-Institut
  39. ↑ "Die Regierungen der Warschauer Vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die Volkskammer und an die Regierung der DDR mit dem Vorschlag, an der Westberliner Grenze eine solche Ordnung einzufuhren, durch die der Wuhltatigkeit gegen die Lander des sozialistischen Lagers zuverlassig der Weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze Gebiet West-Berlins eine verlassliche Bewachung gewahrleistet wird." Die Welt: Berlin wird geteilt
  40. ↑ [ " (German) [[????:Articles with German-language external links]] Neues Deutschland: Normales Leben in Berlin, August 14, 1961" . Archived from the original on 2011-07-18 . Retrieved 2010-05-14 . {{ cite web }} : URL?wikilink conflict ( help ) (German) Neues Deutschland: Normales Leben in Berlin, August 14, 1961]
  41. ↑ English translation of " Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verlaßt, stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber " ("He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers", Notizbuch des Agitators ("Agitator's Notebook"), Berlin: Socialist Unity Party's Agitation Department, November 1955.
  42. ↑ See also Hackworth , About Face
  43. ↑ ??.? ??.? According to Hagen Koch, former Stasi -officer, in Geert Mak 's documentary In Europa , episode 1961 - DDR Archived 2021-02-09 ???????? ?????? ?????., ????? 25, 2009
  44. ↑ Heiko Burkhardt. "Facts of Berlin Wall - History of Berlin Wall" . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
  45. ↑ ??.? ??.? P. Dousset; A. Souquet; S. Lelarge. "Berlin Wall" . Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2006-09-13 . Retrieved 2009-11-09 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  46. ↑ Heiko Burkhardt. "Fourth Generation of Berlin Wall - History of Berlin Wall" . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
  47. ↑ Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall . History Channel , 2009. DVD-ROM.
  48. ↑ "Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall". History Channel , 2009. DVD-ROM.
  49. ↑ Popiolek. "The Berlin wall : History of Berlin Wall : Facts" . Die-berliner-mauer.de. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12 . Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
  50. ↑ Harrison 2003 , p. 206-14
  51. ↑ Chronik der Mauer: Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer (in German)
  52. ↑ Forschungsprojekt ?Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer, 1961-1989“: BILANZ (Stand: 7. August 2008) (in German)
  53. ↑ Center for Contemporary Historical Research (Zentrum fur Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam e. V) in German
  54. ↑ "E German 'licence to kill' found" . BBC. 2007-08-12 . Retrieved 2007-08-12 . A newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot-to-kill orders, says Germany's director of Stasi files.
  55. ↑ "Conrad Schumann, 56, Symbol of E. Berlin escapes"; North Sports Final Edition Associated Press. Chicago Tribune , Chicago, Ill.: Jun 23, 1998. pg. 8
  56. ↑ Hertle, Hans-Hermann (2008). The Berlin Wall: Monument of the Cold War . Ch. Links Verlag, p. 72. ISBN 1-58648-683-7
  57. ↑ ?????, ?????????. The Berlin Wall: A World Divided 1961-1989 , London: Harper Perennial, 2006.
  58. ↑ "Reagan's 'tear down this wall' speech turns 20 - USATODAY.com" . Retrieved 2008-02-19 .
  59. ↑ "Remarks at the Brandenberg Gate" . Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-06-22 . Retrieved 2008-02-09 .
  60. ↑ ?????? ???? "The picnic that brought down the Berlin Wall" LAtimes.com Archived 2009-09-23 ???????? ?????? ?????.
  61. ↑ ??.? ??.? unknown (2009). " 20 Jahre Mauerfall [[Category:Articles containing German-language text]]" . Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH . Retrieved 2009-04-09 . {{ cite web }} : URL?wikilink conflict ( help )
  62. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? Sarotte, Mary Elise (Nov 1, 2009) "How it went down: The little accident that toppled history" Washington Post. ??????????? 2007-09-02.
  63. ↑ ?????, ??????? (Oct 21, 2009) "Did Brinkmannship Fell Berlin's Wall? Brinkmann Says It Did " The Wall Street Journal.
  64. ↑ ??.? ??.? "How Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall out of london" . Hasan Suroor . Hindu. September 15, 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19 . Retrieved 2009-11-08 .
  65. ↑ "Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification" . Michael Binyon . Times. September 11, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-11-08 .
  66. ↑ "United Germany might allow another Hitler, Mitterrand told Thatcher" . Helen Nugent . Times. September 10, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
  67. ↑ Naxos (2006). "Ode To Freedom - Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 (NTSC)" . Naxos.com Classical Music Catalogue . Retrieved 2006-11-26 . This is the publisher's catalogue entry for a DVD of Bernstein's Christmas 1989 "Ode to Freedom" concert. David Hasselhoff sang during the fall of the Berlin wall.
  68. ↑ Jorg Aberger (2004-09-07). "Debatte: Thierse fordert neuen Nationalfeiertag" . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 2009-02-22 .
  69. ↑ New York Times , 1989-11-17 - ??? ??????, "Op-Ed in response to the fall of the wall"
  70. ↑ "RSF.org" . Archived from the original on 2009-11-08 . Retrieved 2021-08-10 .
  71. ↑ TheGlobeAndMail.com
  72. ↑ MontrealGazette.com [ ?????????? ???? ????? ]
  73. ↑ unknown (2009). "Freedom Without Walls" . Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 2010-12-28 . Retrieved 2009-04-09 .
  74. ↑ "The Wall in the World 2009 - 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall - Goethe-Institut" . Goethe.de . Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
  75. ↑ "The Berlin Wall in Twinity" . Twinity. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26 . Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
  76. ↑ Aljazeera.net
  77. ↑ Furlong, Ray (July 5, 2005). "Berlin Wall memorial is torn down" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-02-23 .
  78. ↑ Reuters (September 8, 2004). "One in 5 Germans wants Berlin Wall rebuilt" . MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2006-06-13 . Retrieved 2006-02-23 . {{ cite web }} : |author= has generic name ( help )
  79. ↑ ZDF "Wochenjournal" (November 5, 2009). "Große Zustimmung zur Wiedervereinigung" . ZDF. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14 . Retrieved 2006-11-06 .
  80. ↑ Reuters.com
  81. ↑ IMDb.com

?????? [ ???????? ]

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