????????? ?????

????????? ?????
????????? ?????
	Posthumous portrait of Christopher Columbus by Sebastiano del Piombo , 1519. There are no known authentic portraits of Columbus.
???	before 31 October 1451 ; Genoa , Republic of Genoa , in present-day Italy
??????	20 May 1506 (aged ?. 54 ) ; Valladolid , Crown of Castile , in present-day Spain
???????	Genoese
?????????????	Italian: Cristoforo Colombo ; Catalan: Cristofor Colom ; Spanish: Cristobal Colon ; Portuguese: Cristovao Colombo ; Latin: Christophorus Columbus ; Genoese: Christoffa Corombo
?????	Maritime explorer
???????	Admiral of the Ocean Sea ; Viceroy and Governor of the Indies
?????	Roman Catholic
???????	Filipa Moniz Perestrelo
????	Beatriz Enriquez de Arana
???	Diego ; Fernando
????????	Giovanni Pellegrino, Giacomo, Barholomew (brothers), and Bianchinetta (sister) Columbus
????????

???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? (Christopher Columbus) ????????????? ???? ????????????? ????(Genoa) ??????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (Atlantic Ocean) ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? (Columbus) ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????(Santa Maria) ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????? [ ?????? ]

??????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? (Christopher Columbus) ????????????? ???? ????????????? ????(Genoa) ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????? (Mediterranean) ????????? ????? (Aegean)? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????(Khios) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (Atlantic Ocean) ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? (Portuguese) ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????????????????? (Portuguese) ?????????????????????????? (Lisbon) ?????? ??????????? (Portuguese) ????????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? (FelipaPerestrello)? ???????????????????????????????? ??????(Diego) ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????(Fernando) ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? (Beatriz Enriquez de Arana)? ??????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? (Atlantic) ?????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????? (Canary)? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Atlantic Ocean) ??????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????%??????????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?.???miles? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????,???miles? ???????????????????????????????? (Canary) ??????????????????????.???miles? ???????????????????????????????? (Columbus) ?????????????????????????????? (Canary) ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????????(Genoa) ????????????? ???????????????? ?????(Venice) ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? (Isabella) ?? ???????(Castille) ??? ??????????(Ferdinand) ?? ????????? (Aragon) ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (Columbus) ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? (Columbus)? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (Columbus)??????????????????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????? (Granada) ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? (Columbus)?????????????????????? ???????????(Santa Maria) ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????? (Bahamas) ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????? (Cuba) ??? ??????????????(Hispaniola) ?????????? ???? (Haiti) ??? ??????????? ????????(Dominican Republic) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ????? (Santa Maria) ????????????????????? ??????????????(Hispaniola)? ??????????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ????????????????????????????? ???? ?? ?? ???????(Villa de la Navidad) "Christmas Town" ????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????? [ ?????? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????(Caribbean Ocean)? ??????????????????????(Hispaniola)???????? ??????? (Columbus) ??? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Navidad) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????? ?????????(Bartholomew) ??? ??????(Diego) ????????????????? ??????????????(Hispaniola)? ??????? ?????????????????????????????? ????? ????(Caribbean) ?????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ?????????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????????? ????????(Orinoco) ????????????? ??????????? (Venezuela)? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????(Hispaniola) ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ??????? (Columbus) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????(Ferdinand) ????????????? (Columbus) ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? (Spaniards) ?????????????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? (Columbus) ??????????????????????????????????????? (Punish) ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (Spaniards)? ?????????????????????????????????????????(Hispaniola) ???????????????????? ?????? ?????????? (Columbus) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????? [ ?????? ]

????????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Columbus) ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Columbus)???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (Columbus)????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Popular culture [ ?????? ]

Columbus, an important historical figure, has been depicted in fiction, cinema and television, and in other media and entertainment, such as stage plays, music, cartoons and games.

In games

Christopher Columbus appears as a Great Explorer in the 2008 strategy video game, Civilization Revolution . ^[?]

In literature

In 1889, American author Mark Twain based the time traveler's trick in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court on Columbus's successful prediction of a lunar eclipse during his fourth voyage to the New World.
" Columbus ", a poem by Florence Earle Coates , was published in Harper's Weekly on 22 October 1892.
In 1941 the British author Rafael Sabatini published a novel Columbus , based on a screenplay he had written for a planned film. The story provided the inspiration for the 1949 film about Columbus.
In 1958, the Italian playwright Dario Fo wrote a satirical play about Columbus titled Isabella, tre caravelle e un cacciaballe (Isabella, three tall ships and a con man). In 1997 Fo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . The play was translated into English in 1988 by Ed Emery and is downloadable on the internet. ^[?]
In 1991, author Salman Rushdie published a fictional representation of Columbus in The New Yorker , "Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship, Santa Fe, January, 1492". ^[?]
In Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996) science fiction novelist Orson Scott Card focuses on Columbus's life and activities, but the novel's action also deals with a group of scientists from the future who travel back to the 15th century with the goal of changing the pattern of European contact with the Americas.
British author Stephen Baxter includes Columbus's quest for royal sponsorship as a crucial historical event in his 2007 science fiction novel Navigator ( ISBN 978-0-441-01559-7 ), the third entry in the author's Time's Tapestry Series .
American novelist Steve Berry 's 2012 book The Columbus Affair revolves around the premise that Columbus's voyages held a secret purpose, with clues to an ancient Jewish treasure.

In music

Christopher Columbus is regularly referred to by singers and musical groups in the Rastafari movement as an example of a European oppressor. The detractors include Burning Spear ( Christopher Columbus ), Culture ( Capture Rasta ), and Peter Tosh ( You Can't Blame The Youth , Here Comes The Judge ).

On Screen

Christopher Columbus is a 1949 film starring Fredric March as Columbus.
The 1985 TV mini-series , Christopher Columbus , features Gabriel Byrne as Columbus.
Columbus was portrayed by Gerard Depardieu in the 1992 film by Ridley Scott , 1492: Conquest of Paradise . Scott presented Columbus as a forward-thinking idealist, as opposed to the view that he was ruthless and responsible for the misfortune of Native Americans.
Carry On Columbus is a 1992 comedy.
Columbus by Mary Lawrence
Christopher Columbus: The Discovery , is a 1992 biographical film by Alexander Salkind .
The 42nd episode of The Sopranos , entitled " Christopher " (2002), addresses the controversies surrounding Columbus's legacy from the perspectives of numerous identity group members.
Cristovao Colombo - O Enigma is a 2007 film by Manoel de Oliveira in which the main character travels between America and Portugal trying to prove that Christopher Columbus was, in fact, Portuguese .

In sculpture

Isabella and Columbus by Larkin Mead , 1874, California State Capitol , Sacramento, California
Christopher Columbus , by Moses Jacob Ezekiel , Arrigo Park, Chicago. Illinois, 1891 ^[?]
Drake Fountain , also known as the Columbus Monument by Richard Henry Park , Chicago, Illinois, 1892 ^[?]
Christopher Columbus by Ferdinand von Miller the Younger , St. Louis, Missouri, 1884, This work is different from most in that it shows a bearded Columbus. It is believed to be the first bronze statue of Columbus in the United States. ^[?]
Colossal Columbus statue by Mary Lawrence , 1893, at the World's Columbian Exposition , Chicago, Illinois, ^[?]
Columbus by Paul Wayland Bartlett ca. 1895 Library of Congress , Washington D.C. ^[??]
Christopher Columbus Memorial by Pietro Piai 1904, Pueblo, Colorado . "Colorado was the first state to make Columbus Day a legal holiday in 1905 and this is reportedly the first monument to Columbus erected in the United States." ^[??]
Christopher Columbus , by Augusto Rivalta , Detroit, Michigan, 1910, ^[??]
Columbus Fountain , by Lorado Taft , 1912, Washington D.C.
Christopher Columbus , by Virgil Rainer, Chicago, Illinois, ^[??] 1924 ^[??]
Christopher Columbus by Charles Brioschi, assisted by Leo Lentelli , St. Paul, Minnesota , 1931 ^[??]
Christopher Columbus by Charles Brioschi, Grant Park (Chicago) , 1933 ^[??]
Christopher Columbus , by Frank Vittor , Pittsburg, Pennsylvania , 1958 ^[??]
Christopher Columbus Monument by David W. Oswald, Columbus, Wisconsin , 1988 ^[??]

In space

Asteroid 327 Columbia is named in his honour.

References [ ?????? ]

Footnotes [ ?????? ]

↑ Portraits of Christopher Columbus ? COLUMBUS MONUMENTS PAGES. Vanderkrogt.
↑ "Columbus Monuments Pages: Sacramento" . Retrieved 3 January 2010 .
↑ Civilization Revolution: Great People Archived 2011-03-17 at the ??????? ??????? . "CivFanatics" Retrieved on 4 September 2009
↑ "Dario Fo Archives online" . Archived from the original on 21 ???? 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2009 .
↑ The New Yorker , 17 June 1991, p. 32.
↑ Bach, Ira and Mary Lackritz Gray, A Guide to Chicago's Public Sculpture , The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1983 p. 226
↑ Riedy, James L., Chicago Sculpture , University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1981 pp. 203?204
↑ McCue, George, Photographs by David Finn and Amy Binder, Sculpture City: St. Louis, Sculpture in the "Gateway to the West" Hudson Hills Press NY and Laumeier Sculpture Park, St. Louis, 1988, pp. 43?45
↑ Photographs if the World's Fair: An elaborate Collection of Photographs of the Buildings, Grounds and the Exhibits of the World's Columbian Exposition with a special description of The Famaous Midway Exposition , The Werner Company, Chicago, 1894, p. 191
↑ Small, Herbert, The Library of Congress: The Architecture and Decoration , Classical America, WW Norton & Company, New York, 1982, p. 93
↑ "Christopher Columbus Memorial, (sculpture)" . Siris-artinventories.si.edu . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .
↑ Nawrocki, Dennis Alan, Art in Detroit Public Places , Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1980, p. 26
↑ Riedy, James L., Chicago Sculpture , University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1981, pp. 204?205
↑ "Chicago ? Christopher Columbus" . Vanderkrogt.net. 21 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 .
↑ Harris, Moira A., Monumental Minnesota: A Guide to Outdoor Sculpture , Pogp Press Inc., 1992, p. 17
↑ Bach, Ira and Mary Lackritz Gray, A Guide to Chicago's Public Sculpture , The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1983, pp. 9?10
↑ Evert, Marlyn and Vernon Gay, photographs, Discovering Pittsburgh's Sculpture , University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 1983, pp. 182?183
↑ Beajer and Style, Public Sculpture in Wisconsin: An Atlas of Outdoor Monuments, Memorials and Masterpieces in the Badger State , SOS! Wisconsin, Save Outdoor Sculpture and Fine Arts Conservation Services, Madison Wisconsin, 1999, p. 106

Bibliography [ ?????? ]

Cohen, J.M. (1969) The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others . London UK: Penguin Classics.
Columbus, Christopher; Toscanelli, Paolo (2010) [1893]. Markham, Clements R.. ??. The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage) . Cambridge University Press. ?.?.?.?. 978-1-108-01284-3 . http://books.google.com.au/books?id=MI7dzFQZHOoC&printsec=frontcover .
Columbus, Christopher (1991) [1938]. First Voyage to America: From the log of the "Santa Maria" . Dover. ?.?.?.?. 0-486-26844-6 . http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OxbLxcS5uYgC&printsec=frontcover .
Cook, Sherburn and Woodrow Borah (1971) Essays in Population History, Volume I . Berkeley CA: University of California Press
Crosby, A. W. (1987) The Columbian Voyages: the Columbian Exchange, and their Historians. Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
Davidson, Miles H. (1997), Columbus then and now: a life reexamined , Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, ?.?.?.?. 0-8061-2934-4 , http://books.google.com.au/books?id=BR6Ek48GgzEC&printsec=frontcover
Fuson, Robert H. (1992) The Log of Christopher Columbus . International Marine Publishing
Irving, Washington (1828). A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus . John Murray (UK), G. & C. Carvill (USA).
Keen, Benjamin (1978) The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his Son Ferdinand, Westport CT: Greenwood Press.
Loewen, James. Lies My Teacher Told Me
Lopez, Barry (1990). The Rediscovery of North America . Lexicon, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ?.?.?.?. 0-8131-1742-9 . http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wyh9-rhsaQgC&printsec=frontcover .
Morison, Samuel Eliot (1942). Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus . Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ?.?.?.?. 978-1-4067-5027-0 . http://books.google.com/books?id=T5x5xjsJtlwC .
Morison, Samuel Eliot, Christopher Columbus, Mariner , Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1955
Phillips, Jr, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992), The worlds of Christopher Columbus , Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ?.?.?.?. 0-521-35097-2 , http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8jhtmzLlX70C&printsec=frontcoverr
Sale, Kirkpatrick The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy , Plume, 1991
Turner, Jack (2004), Spice: The History of a Temptation , New York: Random House.
Varela, Consuelo (2006). La Caida de Cristobal Colon . Madrid: Marcial Pons . http://books.google.com/books?id=SwtMUtesSDEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false .
Wilford, John Noble (1991), The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy , New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

External links [ ?????? ]

????????? ???????????????????? ?? ????: Christopher Columbus

?????????????????????????????????: Christopher Columbus

Quotations related to ????????? ????? at ??????????????

[1] Portraits of Christopher Columbus ? COLUMBUS MONUMENTS PAGES. Vanderkrogt.

[2] "Columbus Monuments Pages: Sacramento" . Retrieved 3 January 2010 .

[3] Civilization Revolution: Great People Archived 2011-03-17 at the ??????? ??????? . "CivFanatics" Retrieved on 4 September 2009

[4] "Dario Fo Archives online" . Archived from the original on 21 ???? 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2009 .

[5] The New Yorker , 17 June 1991, p. 32.

[6] Bach, Ira and Mary Lackritz Gray, A Guide to Chicago's Public Sculpture , The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1983 p. 226

[7] Riedy, James L., Chicago Sculpture , University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1981 pp. 203?204

[8] McCue, George, Photographs by David Finn and Amy Binder, Sculpture City: St. Louis, Sculpture in the "Gateway to the West" Hudson Hills Press NY and Laumeier Sculpture Park, St. Louis, 1988, pp. 43?45

[9] Photographs if the World's Fair: An elaborate Collection of Photographs of the Buildings, Grounds and the Exhibits of the World's Columbian Exposition with a special description of The Famaous Midway Exposition , The Werner Company, Chicago, 1894, p. 191

[10] Small, Herbert, The Library of Congress: The Architecture and Decoration , Classical America, WW Norton & Company, New York, 1982, p. 93

[11] "Christopher Columbus Memorial, (sculpture)" . Siris-artinventories.si.edu . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .

[12] Nawrocki, Dennis Alan, Art in Detroit Public Places , Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1980, p. 26

[13] Riedy, James L., Chicago Sculpture , University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1981, pp. 204?205

[14] "Chicago ? Christopher Columbus" . Vanderkrogt.net. 21 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 .

[15] Harris, Moira A., Monumental Minnesota: A Guide to Outdoor Sculpture , Pogp Press Inc., 1992, p. 17

[16] Bach, Ira and Mary Lackritz Gray, A Guide to Chicago's Public Sculpture , The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1983, pp. 9?10

[17] Evert, Marlyn and Vernon Gay, photographs, Discovering Pittsburgh's Sculpture , University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 1983, pp. 182?183

[18] Beajer and Style, Public Sculpture in Wisconsin: An Atlas of Outdoor Monuments, Memorials and Masterpieces in the Badger State , SOS! Wisconsin, Save Outdoor Sculpture and Fine Arts Conservation Services, Madison Wisconsin, 1999, p. 106

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