????????

????????
Romania ; ????????
?????	?????
	?????: De?teapt?-te, romane! ;
	????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????
	????????? ??????????
?????????? ; ?? ??????? ??????	????????? ; 44°25′ ?. ?. 26°06′ ?. ?. / 44.417° ?. ?. 26.100° ?. ?.
?????????? ???	????????
???????? ??????? (2011 )	88,9 % ?????????? ; 6,5 % ????????? ; 3,3 % ???? ; 1,3 % ?????? ;
????????????	????????
????????	????????? ???????? ; ???????????? ??????????
????????????? ??????	??????????
?????????
???????
??????????
??? ( ??? )	2013 ????????
??? (????????)	2013 ????????
???? (2011)	33.2 ; ???????
??? (2013)	0.785 ; ?????? · 54-?
??????	???????? ??? ( RON )
??????? ????????	UTC+02:00 ( UTC +2)
????????	????????
?????????? ????	+40
ISO 3166 ????	RO
????????-??????	.ro
?.	^ ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? (???????????, 1859 ???? 5 ?? 24 ???????).
?.	^ ?????????????? ?????????? 1877 ???? 9 ?????, ???????????? ???????? ??????? 1878 ????.
?.	^ 1918 ???? ?????????? , ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ????????.
?.	^ ???????????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? .eu .

???????? ( ???. Romania) ? ??????? ???????-?????????? ???????? , ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? . ????????? ????????? ?????????: ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? , ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??????? , ???? ????????? ????????? . ???? ???????? 238 397 ??² ?? ???????? ??????? ??-12 ????????, ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? 2019 ???? ??????????? 19,405,156-? ????????. ^[9]

????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? , ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? 1862 ?????? ???? ????????? (Municipiul Bucure?ti), ?????????? 2019 ???? ???????????? 1,87 ??????? ???????? ????????. ^[10]

???? ??????? ?????????: ????-?????? , ????????? , ???? , ????????? , ??????? ?? ??????? .

??????????? ????????? ?????????? 1859 ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????. ^[11]

??????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????? : ???????? (???? ????????? ?????????? ?????).
???????? : Romania, ???? Republica Romania.
?????????? : ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ????????????. ???? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?ROMANUS“-?????, ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ^[12]

????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? - ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????.

??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?, ?????? ??????? ????? ???, ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????????.

????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? .

???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ???????????

??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????.

?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? (???????? ????????) ??????.

??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ?????????? ??????????????.

?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? (Oradea, Cluj-Napoca, Satu-Mare ?? ???.) ??????????? 15%-35% ???????? ????????.

???? ???????? ????? (????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ) ????????? ???????? ?????????????. ^[12]

??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ??????: ????????? ??????? .

II-?.-?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???????? 271 ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ???? IV-VI ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? , ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????.

VIII-X ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????. X ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????-??????? ?????????? ?????????????.

XIV ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? (1437 ?? 1514 ??????????????, 1490-94 ????????? ?? ???.) ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????. ^[13]

??-16-??-17 ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ????? ????????.

?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? III ????? (1457 - 1504) ???????????? ????. ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????, ????1526 ???? ???????????? ????????????? ????????. ^[14]

1541 ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????.

1699 ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? 1765 ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????. 1821 ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? (??????). 1859 ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????, ?????? 1866-?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? I-?? . ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? 1877-1878 ??????, ?????-????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ^[14]^[11]^[15]

1881 ????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? I -?? ????? ??????? ?????.

?????????? ?????? ????????????? (1913) ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? .

?????? ??????? ???? ???????? 1916 ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? , ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????-??????? ??? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????, ?? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? (?????????? ????????????) ??????? ????.

???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????-???????? ????????? ???????. ????????????? , ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????.

1918 ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????: ????????? , ??????????? , ????????? , ??????????? , ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ^[16]

1940-???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????. 1960-??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. 1989 ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????. 1990 ?? 1992 ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????. 2003 ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? (?????????, ??????) ????????? ?????? ?????. ????????? 2002 ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? , ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? 2007 ???? ???????????? ???????????.

????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????????????: ??????? , ??????? , ??????? , ????????? , ??????? . ??????? - 238 397 ??. ??.

. ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? 245 ??.-?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ?? ????????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? 14 ???? ????????? ?????? 2,000 ?????? ?? 6,600 ????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? 2,544 ? ?? 83434 ????.

????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? 10,000 ?? ² (??????? ?????????? ?????????? 5%) ???????, ??????? 13 ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? 27%-?. ????????? ???????? 3,700 ???????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????.

????????? ????? ??????? 33,792 ???????? ???????, 33.085 ?????????, 707 ???????????? ?? 400-??? ????????? ???????? ????????????, ??????????, ?????????????? ?? ?????????.

??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ???? ??????? ???????:

?????????- ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.

???????-??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???: ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ??????????? 100 F/ 37-38°C ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????.

????????? - ???? ?? ????????? ???????.

??????? - ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????.

?????????? ?????? ??????????? 44.5°C ?????????? 1945 ???? 10 ???????? ???????-?????????? ?????????, ????

??????? ?????? ???????????: -38.5 ° C (-37.3 ° F) - 1942 ???? 24 ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ^[17]^[18]

?????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????? ????????????? ??????????????:

??????????/???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????? ??????? : ????????????? ??????????.
??????????? ??????? : ?????????? ????? ???????? , (Klaus Iohannis)
????????? ??????? : ???????-???????? ??????? ??????( Ludovic Orban )
????????????? ?????? : ??????????? ?????????? (140+345 ?????).
??????????????? ?????? : 41 ???? (judet) ?? 1 ?????????????? (municipiu).

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ??????????? ????????	????? (??²)	?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ^[10]
??????-?????????	34 159	????-?????? (317 748)
??????	34 082	??????? (276,088)
??????-???????????	36 850	???? (318,012)
???????-???????????	35 762	????????? (303,399)
????????	34 489	??????? (228,851)
????????-??????	1 811	????????? (1,877,155)
???????-?????????	29 212	??????? (304,142)
?????????	32 028	????????? (315,053)

?????????? - 20 121 641 ????? (2011), ??? ????? ?????????? 88,9 %, ????????? 6,5 %, ?????? 3,3 %, ???? 1,3 %. ^[2]
??????????? ????????? ?? ²-?? - 84 ???????? 1?? ²-??
?????????? ??? : ???????? . ???????????? ?????: ??????? , ????????? .
??????? - ??????????? .
?????????? - ????????? (1 877 155).
???????? - ???????, ?????????, ?????????, ????, ????-??????, ???????, ?????? ^[13].

????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? - ??????? (????? ??????), ?????? ??-???, ????????? ???? , ?????????? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? , ???????-????????? ??????, ???????????? .
???????? - ????????????????, ???????, ??????? ????????? ?????????????.
???????? ?????????? ??? ????? - 16 518 $.
?????? - ???????? ??? (RON).

??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? 2007-2014 ??????, ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? 2013 ???? ????????? ???????????: ^[19]

????	??? ???????? ??? ??????	???-? ?????????? ????????
2007	246 750	6.317
2008	270 056	7.349
2009	254 240	6.576
2010	254 361	1.149
2011	264 953	2.158
2012	271 441	0.689
2013 (est.)	280 658	1.997
2014 (est.)	291 401	2.156

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ????-???????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????? , ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? .

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

Romania entry at The World Factbook ???????????? 2020-05-15 ?????? Wayback Machine .
Romania information from the United States Department of State
????????? ?????? ?????????????
????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? 2009-10-26 ?????? Wayback Machine .
????????? ???????? ???????????? 2010-01-16 ?????? Wayback Machine .
????????? ??????????
????????? ?????????? ???????????? 2006-12-28 ?????? Wayback Machine .
????????? ??????????? ???????????? 2012-09-12 ?????? Wayback Machine .

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

↑ Constitution of Romania . Cdep.ro. ????????????? ???????????? ? 7 ?????????? 2017. ????????? ??????: 2 October 2013.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Romanian 2011 census (final results) . INSSE. ????????????? ???????????? ? 17 ?????? 2013. ????????? ??????: 28 August 2012. ( ???????? )
↑ GDP, PPP (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.
↑ GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.
↑ GDP (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.
↑ GDP per capita (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.
↑ Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC) . Eurostat Data Explorer. ????????????? ???????????? ? 4 ????? 2016. ????????? ??????: 13 August 2013.
↑ 2014 Human Development Report Summary ??. 21?25. United Nations Development Programme (2014). ????????? ??????: 27 July 2014.
↑ "Resident population on 1st January 2019" [The usually resident population on 1 January 2019] (?????????) National Institute of Statistics . ????????. No 212 / 29.08.2019
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 " Population Density ", World meter 2019
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Hitchins, Keith (2014). A Concise History of Romania . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69413-1 .
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 " Romanian Language ", Romania natural and cultural
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 "Romania Demographics", World meter
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Georgescu, Vlad (1991). The Romanians: A History . Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-0511-2 .
↑ Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1999). Romanians and Romania: A Brief History . Boulder. ISBN 978-0-88033-440-2 .
↑ Statul National Unitar (Romania Mare 1919 - 1940)
↑ "Klimatafel von Rumanien" . Baseline climate means (1961?1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
↑ "Climate" Natural an Cultural
↑ [1] , ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? 2013

[1] Constitution of Romania . Cdep.ro. ????????????? ???????????? ? 7 ?????????? 2017. ????????? ??????: 2 October 2013.

[CensusRef-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Romanian 2011 census (final results) . INSSE. ????????????? ???????????? ? 17 ?????? 2013. ????????? ??????: 28 August 2012. ( ???????? )

[3] GDP, PPP (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.

[4] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.

[5] GDP (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.

[6] GDP per capita (current international $) | Data | Table . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 13 June 2014.

[eurogini-7] Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC) . Eurostat Data Explorer. ????????????? ???????????? ? 4 ????? 2016. ????????? ??????: 13 August 2013.

[HDI-8] 2014 Human Development Report Summary ??. 21?25. United Nations Development Programme (2014). ????????? ??????: 27 July 2014.

[9] "Resident population on 1st January 2019" [The usually resident population on 1 January 2019] (?????????) National Institute of Statistics . ????????. No 212 / 29.08.2019

[INSSER-10] 10.0 ^10.1 " Population Density ", World meter 2019

[:2-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Hitchins, Keith (2014). A Concise History of Romania . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69413-1 .

[:0-12] 12.0 ^12.1 " Romanian Language ", Romania natural and cultural

[:3-13] 13.0 ^13.1 "Romania Demographics", World meter

[:1-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Georgescu, Vlad (1991). The Romanians: A History . Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-0511-2 .

[15] Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1999). Romanians and Romania: A Brief History . Boulder. ISBN 978-0-88033-440-2 .

[16] Statul National Unitar (Romania Mare 1919 - 1940)

[17] "Klimatafel von Rumanien" . Baseline climate means (1961?1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[18] "Climate" Natural an Cultural

[19] [1] , ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? 2013

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[2]

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