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????????? ( ???? ??????? ‎ ) ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ( ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ‎ ) ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ????? ?????????? 200 ?????? ????????? ?????. [9] ???????? ???????? ???? 36-? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? 881 913 ??²-?. ????????? ???? 1046 ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????? ??????? , ?????????? ???????? , ???????-?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????-????????????, ???????????, ?????? . ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? .

?????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ???????, ???????????? ??????? ???????, [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? , ???? ??????????? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????? ??????????, ????-????????? , ??????????, ????-??????????, ???????????? ?? ??????? . ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????????????, ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? , ?????????? ?????????? , ???????? ????????? ??????? , ???????? ???????? ???????? , ????? ???????? , ???????? ??????? , ??? ??????? ??????? , ??????? ?????????? , ???????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? .

????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???????????). [21] [22] ?????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ???????, 1947 ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????. [23] ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ????????, ?????, ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????????????? ?????? ?????????? , ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? 1956 ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????. 1971 ????, ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????? . 1973 ????, ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????, ?????????? ????????? ??????????? , ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????????? . ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? , ????? ????? . [24]

??????????? [25] [26] [27] ?? ??????? ????, [28] [29] [30] ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ????? , ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ?????????, ???????? ????????????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????. [31] [32] ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 24-? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???-?? ????????????, 41-? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? [33] [34] ???-??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????. [35] [36]

?????????? ????-??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? 2008 ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? . ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????, ????????? ?????????????, ???????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? [37] ?? ?????????? [38] ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????. [39] ????????? ?????? , ????????????? ????????? , ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? , ???? ?????????????? , ???? , SAARC-?? , ????????????? ???????, G20 ????????????? ?????? ????????????, ????? 24-??, ????? 77-??? ?? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ????? , ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????.

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?????? ???????????“ ???????????? ???????. ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????“ (???: ??????? ???????; ????: ???????). ????? ???????? ?????? ???? , ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????, 1933 ???? 28 ??????? ????? ?????? Now or Never (????? ?? ????????“) ??????????? ????(?)?????“ ????????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????, ? ??????? (?????????? ?????? ?????????), ? ??????, ? ????? ?? ??????? ???? [40] .

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  • XX ?. : ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? 1947 ????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? . ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ??????. ?? ???? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????. 1965 ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. 1971 ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? . ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. 80-??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????, ??? ????? ????“ ???????????????? ??????????? ????????. 1999 ???? 12 ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????-????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????.

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  1. ↑ The State Emblem . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, ?????????? ???????? .. ????????????? ???????????? ? 1 July 2007. ????????? ??????: 18 December 2013
  2. ↑ National Symbols and Things of Pakistan . Government of Pakistan . ????????????? ???????????? ? 13 April 2014. ????????? ??????: 27 May 2014
  3. ↑ SC orders immediate implementation of Urdu as official language . The Express Tribune (7 September 2015). ????????? ??????: 8 September 2015
  4. ↑ Pakistan to replace English with Urdu as official language . The Express Tribune (29 July 2015). ????????? ??????: 8 September 2015
  5. ↑ PM approves implementation of Urdu language in govt departments ? Pakistan ? Dunya News . dunyanews.tv .
  6. ↑ Irfan Haider. PM, president to deliver speeches in Urdu on foreign trips, SC told . dawn.com .
  7. ↑ Govt. submits plan to Supreme Court to promote Urdu as official language . The News Teller . ????????????? ???????????? ? 2018-12-26. ????????? ??????: 2017-06-02.
  8. ↑ Population by Mother Tongue . Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. ????????????? ???????????? ? 12 September 2011. ????????? ??????: 28 December 2011
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Pakistan" ???????????? 2020-05-24 ?????? Wayback Machine . The World Factbook ? Central Intelligence Agency. ??????? ?????????? Invalid <ref> tag; name "cia" defined multiple times with different content; $2
  10. ↑ Ehsan Rashid. (1977) THE CONCEPT OF PAKISTAN IN THE LIGHT OF IQBAL's ADDRESS AT ALLAHABAD . Iqbal Memorial Talks. ????????????? ???????????? ? 3 ????? 2018. ????????? ??????: 5 March 2014 Ehsan Rashid explains how concept of Pakistan and Iqbal's Allahabad address are interlinked.
  11. ↑ The World Factbook ? Central Intelligence Agency en. ????????????? ???????????? ? 2020-05-24. ????????? ??????: 2016-11-06.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Pakistan . International Monetary Fund. ????????? ??????: 15 January 2017
  13. ↑ ?Pakistan is now a $300-billion economy“ . The Express Tribune . May 18, 2017 . ????????? ??????: May 18, 2017 .
  14. ↑ GINI index (World Bank estimate) . World Bank. ????????? ??????: 28 February 2017
  15. ↑ Human Development Report 2016 . United Nations Development Programme (2016). ????????? ??????: 26 March 2017
  16. ↑ Wright 2010 :Quote: "The Indus civilization is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharonic Egypt , was a cradle of early civilization in the Old World (Childe 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."
  17. ↑ Feuerstein, Georg (1995). In search of the cradle of civilization: new light on ancient India . Wheaton, Illinois: Quest Books, ??. 147. ISBN 978-0-8356-0720-9 .  
  18. ↑ Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin, Pakistan: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO publishers, 2006, ISBN 1-85109-801-1
  19. ↑ Archaeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed . globalpost.com (16 November 2012).
  20. ↑ Jennings, Justin. (15 April 2016) Killing Civilization: A Reassessment of Early Urbanism and Its Consequences . UNM Press.
  21. ↑ Hussain, Rizwan. Pakistan . ?Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in its relationship with Islam: it is the only country to have been established in the name of Islam.“   ???????????? 2008-11-21 ?????? Wayback Machine .
  22. ↑ Talbot, Ian. (2 February 1984) Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan . ??????: ?As British rule there drew to an end, many Muslims demanded, in the name of Islam, the creation of a separate Pakistan state.“ ????????? ??????: 24 December 2016
  23. ↑ Exploding Communalism The Politics of Muslim Identity in South Asia . Ayesha Jalal . Oxford University Press, 1998-9.
  24. ↑ Iqbal, Khurshid (2009). The Right to Development in International Law: The Case of Pakistan . Routledge, ??. 189. ISBN 978-1-134-01999-1 . ?The constitution proclaims ... that all existing laws shall be brought in accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah, and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such injunctions.“  
  25. ↑ Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security . Cambridge University Press, ??. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-89111-0 . ?In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and have an impact on the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less of an impact at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey.“  
  26. ↑ Rajagopalan, Rajesh (2011), ?Pakistan: regional power, global problem?“ , Regional Orders and Regional Powers , Routledge, pp. 193?208, ISBN   978-1-136-71891-5 , https://books.google.com/books?id=l2WrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193
  27. ↑ Paul, T. V. (2012) International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation . Cambridge University Press , ??. 11. ISBN 978-1-107-02021-4 . ?The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways.“  
  28. ↑ Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century . Polity, ??. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9 .  
  29. ↑ Hussein Solomon. South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership . ????????????? ???????????? ? 24 June 2002. ????????? ??????: 27 December 2011
  30. ↑ Vandamme, Dorothee. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia : Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy? . Universite catholique de Louvain. ????????????? ???????????? ? 10 ????????? 2017. ??????: ?Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers (see in this regard Ping, 2007).“ ????????? ??????: 2 ?????? 2017.
  31. ↑ Bhatti, Muhammad Umer Saleem (22 June 2015). ?Services sector: domestic and outward growth“ . Dawn . ????????? ??????: 24 February 2017 .
  32. ↑ Memon, Abdul Qadir (10 May 2015). ?Services sector: Realising Pakistan’s export potential“ . The Express Tribune . ????????? ??????: 24 February 2017 .
  33. ↑ Iqbal, Anwar. (8 November 2015) Pakistan an emerging market economy: IMF . ????????? ??????: 27 February 2016
  34. ↑ Kaplan, Seth. Is Pakistan an emerging market? . ????????? ??????: 27 February 2016
  35. ↑ Pakistan has 18th largest 'middle class' in the world: report . The Express Tribune (16 October 2015). ????????? ??????: 16 June 2016
  36. ↑ GDP ranking | Data . ????????? ??????: 2017-01-17
  37. ↑ Poverty in Pakistan: Numerous efforts, many numbers, not enough results ? AidData . aiddata.org .
  38. ↑ 70% decline in terrorist attacks in Pakistan ? The Express Tribune . tribune.com.pk (9 September 2015).
  39. ↑ ?Pakistan's per capita income rises slightly to $1,561 ? The Express Tribune“ . The Express Tribune (?????????). 2016-05-24 . ????????? ??????: 2017-01-17 .
  40. ↑ Rahmat Ali: Now or Never . ????????????? ???????????? ? 2007-09-28. ????????? ??????: 2014-12-07.
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