?????????
(
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:
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[?paːk?staːn]
),
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Islamic Republic of Pakistan
(
ISO
:
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:
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???????????? ???????????
,
isl?mi jamh?riy?h p?kist?n
))
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,
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,
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??? ??? ?????? ? 881,913 square kilometres (340,509 square miles) ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????????
??? ????
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1,046-kilometre (650-mile) ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
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,
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,
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;
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National symbols of Pakistan (Official)
National animal
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National bird
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National tree
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National flower
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National heritage animal
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National heritage bird
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National aquatic marine mammal
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National reptile
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National amphibian
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National fruit
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National mosque
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National mausoleum
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National river
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National mountain
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- ↑
"Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 'The Digital Census'
"
(PDF)
.
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk)
. 5 August 2023
. Retrieved
15 August
2023
.
- ↑
Coningham, Robin
; Young, Ruth (2015),
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE ? 200 CE
,
Cambridge University Press
Quote: ""Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different from other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800?2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."
- ↑
Allchin, Bridget; Allchin, Raymond (1982),
The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan
, Cambridge University Press, p. 81131,
ISBN
978-0-521-28550-6
,
During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system.
- ↑
Badian, Ernst (1987), "Alexander at Peucelaotis",
The Classical Quarterly
,
37
(1): 117?128,
doi
:
10.1017/S0009838800031712
,
JSTOR
639350
,
S2CID
246878679
- ↑
Wynbrandt, James (2009).
A Brief History of Pakistan
. Infobase Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-8160-6184-6
.
- ↑
Spuler, Bertold (1969).
The Muslim World: a Historical Survey
. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
ISBN
90-04-02104-3
.
Places adjacent to ?????????
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