Culture

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omenala
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Omenala ( / ?k?l t??r / ) b? okwu nche anw? nke g?nyere omume ?ha mmad? na ?kp?r? nd? a na-ah? na ?ha mmad? , yana ihe ?m?ma, nkwenkwe, nka , iwu, nri, ntimiwu,igba afa,omenala, ikike na omume nke nd? mmad? n'otu n'otu na nd? a. otu. [1]

N'ihe gbasara mmad?, otu echiche omenala d? ka njirimara maobu ilu ihe bara na mmad? b? ogo nke ha z?litere ?kaibe na nka, sayens?, ag?makw?kw? ma ? b? omume. A na-ejikwa ?kwa ?kaibe omenala eme ihe mgbe ?f?d? iji mata ?d?iche mmepeanya na obodo nd? na-ad?chagh? mgbagwoju anya. A na-ah?kwa echiche usoro nhazi nd? d? otu ah? na klaas? n'etiti oke omenaala nke ?ha mmad? na omenala d? ala, omenala ewu ewu, ma ? b? omenala ?ha nke klaas? d? ala, nke a na-ah?ta site n'inweta isi obodo omenala di iche iche . N'as?s? nk?t?, a na-ejikar? omenala na-ezo aka kp?mkwem na akara ngosi nd? agb?r? na-eji amata onwe ha n'?z? p?tara ihe na ibe ha d? ka mgbanwe ah?, uwe ma ? b? ?la . Omenala Mass na -ezo aka n'?d? omenala nd? ah?a ewep?tara na n'?t?t? ebe nke malitere na nar? af? nke 20. ?f?d? ?l? akw?kw? nke nka ihe ?m?ma, d? ka Marxism na oke egwu tiori, na-ar? ?ka na omenala na-ejikar? nd?r? nd?r? ?ch?ch? d? ka ngwa ?r? nke elites na-emeghar? proletariat na ike ?gha ns?h? . Echiche nd? d? ofu ah? b? ihe a na-ah?kar? na ?z?z? nke ?m?m? omenala . Na sayens? ?ha mmad? sara mbara, echiche echiche nke ?h? ihe onwunwe n'anya omenala na -ekwu na omenala ihe at? nke mmad? na-esite na ?n?d? ihe onwunwe nke nd? mmad?, d? ka ?m? mmad? na-emep?ta ?n?d? maka ?d? nd? an? ah?, nakwa na a na-ach?ta ndabere nke omenala na ?d?d? ?d?d? nd? .

Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe d? ka ?n? ?g?g?, "omenala" b? usoro omenala, omenala na ?kp?r? nke obodo ma ? b? obodo, d? ka agb?r? ma ? b? mba. Omenala b? usoro ihe ?m?ma enwetara ka oge na-aga. N'echiche a, multiculturalism ji ?d? n'otu udo na nkwanye ugwu d? n'etiti omenala d? iche iche na-ebi n'otu mbara ala kp?r? ihe. Mgbe ?f?d?, a na-ejikwa “omenala” k?waa omume d? iche iche n'ime otu obere obodo, obere omenala (d?ka ?m?maat?, " bro omenala " ), ma ? b? ihe mgbochi. N'ime nka mm?ta ihe omimi nke omenala, echiche na nleba anya nke nkwek? omenala na- ekwenye na omenala enwegh? ike ?dep?ta ma ? b? nyochaa ngwa ngwa n'ihi na nleba anya ? b?la d? n'ime usoro uru nke omenala enyere.

Okwu ?gbara ?h?r? a b? "omenala" gbadoro ?kw? n'okwu onye ?ka okwu Rome oge ochie Cicero ji mee ihe na esemokwu Tusculanae ya, b? ebe o dere maka ?k? mkp?r? obi ma ? b? "cultura anime," [2] na-eji ihe at? nke ugbo maka mmepe nke a. mm?? nke nka ihe ?m?ma, gh?tara teleologically d? ka kas? elu kwere omume maka mmepe mmad?. Samuel Pufendorf weghaara ihe at? a n'oge ?gbara ?h?r?, nke p?tara ihe yiri ya, mana ? nagh?zi eche na nka ihe ?m?ma b? izu oke okike mmad?. Ojiji ya, na nke ?t?t? nd? edemede na-esote ya, " na-ezo aka n'?z? nile nke ?m? mmad? si emeri omume ?j?? mb? ha, na site na nka, gh?? mmad? zuru oke." [3]

... na mb? p?tara cultivation nke mkp?r? obi ma ? b? uche, na-enweta ?t?t? n'ime ya mes?r? n'oge a p?tara na odide nke nar? af? nke 18 German na-eche echiche, b? nd? n? n'?kwa d? iche iche na-emepe emepe Rousseau nkat? nke " Modern liberalism na Enlightenment ." Ya mere, ?d?iche d? n'etiti "omenala" na " mmepeanya " na-ap?takar? n'ime nd? ode akw?kw? a, ? b?r?god? na ak?wap?tagh? ya.

Johann Herder d??r? uche gaa na omenala obodo.
Petroglyphs na Gobustan nke oge a, Azerbaijan , malitere na 10,000 TOA ma na-egosi ?d?bend? na-eto eto.

Sociology nke omenala met?tara omenala d? ka egosip?tara na ?ha mmad? . Maka ?ka mm?ta mmek?r?ta ?ha na eze Georg Simmel (1858-1918), omenala na-ezo aka na "?k? mkp?r? nke nd? mmad? n'otu n'otu site na ?l? ?r? nke ?d? d?p?r? ad?p? b? nke a kwadoro n'ime ak?k? ihe mere eme." [4] N'ihi ya, a p?r? ?k?wa omenala na ngalaba mmek?r?ta ?ha na eze d? ka ?z? iche echiche, ?z? e si eme omume, na ihe onwunwe na-ejik?ta ?n? na-akp?zi ?z? nd? nd? mmad?. Omenala nwere ike ?b? ?d? ab?? ? b?la, omenala na-ab?gh? ihe onwunwe ma ? b? omenala ihe onwunwe . [5] Omenala na-ab?gh? nke ihe onwunwe na-ezo aka n'echiche nd? na-ab?gh? nke an? ah? nke nd? mmad? n'otu n'otu nwere banyere omenala ha, g?nyere ?kp?r?, usoro nkwenye, iwu, ?kp?r?, omume, as?s?, otu, na ?l? ?r?, ebe omenala ihe onwunwe b? ihe ama an? ah? nke omenala na ihe nd? ah?. na architecture ha mere ma ? b? mee. Okwu a na-ach?si ike naan? na ?m?m? ihe ochie na ihe gbasara mmad?, mana ? p?tara kp?mkwem ihe akaebe ihe onwunwe niile nwere ike ?s? na omenala, n'oge gara aga ma ? b? ugbu a.

Usoro mmek?r?ta ?ha na eze na-etolite site na njik? d? n'etiti sociology (d? ka nd? ?ka mm?ta oge mb? d? ka Marx, [6] Durkheim, na Weber ) nwere ?z?z? na-eto eto nke nka mm?ta ihe ?m?m?, b? ebe nd? nch?p?ta s?r? ?z? ethnographic at?mat? maka ?k?wa na nyochaa omenala d? iche iche gburugburu ?wa. . Ak?k? nke ihe nketa nke mmalite mmepe nke ubi na-adabere na usoro (?t?t? omenala, nch?p?ta mmek?r?ta ?ha na eze b? qualitative), na chep?tara (?d? d? iche iche d? oke egwu na-ab?aru nso na sociology b? isi na obodo nyocha ugbu a), na n'?z? d? ?r?ba ama na-elekwas? anya. nke ubi. D?ka ?m?maat?, mmek?r?ta d? n'etiti omenala nd? a ma ama, njikwa nd?r? nd?r? ?ch?ch?, na ?ha mmad? b? nchegbu mb? na nke na-ad?gide ad?gide n'?h?a.

Na United Kingdom, ?m?m? omenala na-elekwas? anya n'?m? banyere omenala nd? a ma ama; ya b?, n'ihe gbasara mmek?r?ta mmad? na ibe ya nke ?t?t? nd? na-az? ah?a na ihe nt?r?nd?. Richard Hoggart chep?tara okwu ah? na 1964 mgbe ? t?r? nt?ala Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies ma ? b? CCCS. [7] Kemgbe ah?, ? na-enwe mmek?r?ta siri ike na Stuart Hall, [8] b? onye n?chiri Hoggart d? ka onye nduzi. [9] Ya mere, a p?r? ile ?m?m? omenala n'echiche a anya d? ka obere ntinye uche gbadoro anya na mgbagwoju anya nke ?z? ah?a, b? nke sitere na omenala sara mbara mgbe ?f?d? a na-akp? " mmepe anya Western Western " ma ? b? " ?k? ?wa ?n? ."

Site na 1970s gaa n'ihu, ?r? ?s? ?z? Stuart Hall, yana nke nd? ?r? ibe ya Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, na Angela McRobbie, kere otu ?g?g? isi mba ?wa. Ka ogige ah? malitere, ? malitere ijik?ta ak? na ?ba nd?r? nd?r? ?ch?ch?, nkwur?ta okwu, nka mm?ta mmek?r?ta ?ha na eze, nka mm?ta mmek?r?ta ?ha na eze, edemede edemede, usoro mgbasa ozi, ?m?m? ihe nkiri / vidio, omenala anthropology, nka ihe ?m?ma , ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka, na ak?k? ihe mere eme nka iji m?? ihe ngosi omenala ma ? b? ederede omenala. N'ebe a, nd? nch?p?ta na-etinyekar? uche n'otu ihe p?r? iche si met?ta echiche echiche, mba, agb?r?, klaas?, na/ma ? b? okike . [10] ?m?m? omenala na-emet?ta ihe p?tara na omume nke nd? kwa ?b?ch?. Omume nd? a g?nyere ?z? nd? mmad? si eme ihe ?f?d? (d?ka ikiri telivish?n ma ? b? iri nri) na omenala enyere. ? na-am?kwa ihe ? p?tara ma na-eji nd? mmad? ak?wap?ta ihe d? iche iche na omume. Kp?mkwem, omenala g?nyere ihe p?tara na omume nd? a na-ejide onwe ha n'enwegh? uche. Ikiri ihe onyonyo iji lelee anya ?ha na eze na ihe omume ak?k? ihe mere eme ekwes?gh? iche d? ka omenala ma ? b?r? na ? na-ezo aka na igwe onyonyo n'onwe ya, nke nwere ike ?b? na a h?r?la ya na omenala; Otu ? d?, ?m? akw?kw? na-ekiri telivish?n mgbe ?l? akw?kw? na nd? enyi ha ka ha "daba adaba" na-ruru eru n'ezie ebe ? b? na ? d?gh? ihe gbanyere mkp?r?gw? ihe mere mmad? na-ekere oke na omume a.

Ngwa ?r? ?g?g? isi na-at? aro ka nd? si n'?d?bend? ?f?d? nwee ike ?nagide nsogbu nd? d? ad?, d? ka Suanpan maka Chinese iji mee mgbak? mgbak? na mwep?.

Enwere ?t?t? na ndiozo nkwek?r?ta mba ?wa na iwu obodo gbasara nchekwa omenala na ihe nketa omenala . UNESCO na nd? otu ya d? ka Blue Shield International na-ahazi nchedo mba ?wa na mmejuputa obodo. [11] [12] N'?z? b? isi, Nkwek?r?ta Hague maka Nchedo nke Omenala Ngwongwo n'ihe omume nke Armed Conflict na UNESCO Convention for Protection of Cultural Diversity na-ekwu maka nchebe nke omenala. Nkeji edemede 27 nke Nkwup?ta ?wa Nile Maka Ihe Nd? Ruuru Mmad? na-ekwu banyere ihe nketa omenala ndi agumagu did ichiche iche n'?z? ab??: ? na-enye nd? mmadu ikike isonye na nd? omenala n'otu aka na ikike nke nchebe nke onyinye ha na nd? omenala n'ak?k? nke ?z?. [13]

Edensibia [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

  1. ↑ Tylor, Edward. (1871). Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Son
  2. ↑ Ciceron (1812). Tusculanes (in fr). Nismes: J. Gaude. OCLC 457735057 . Retrieved on March 3, 2018 .  
  3. ↑ Velkley (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy", Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question (in en). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 11?30. ISBN 978-0-226-85256-0 . OCLC 47930775 .  
  4. ↑ Simmel (1971). in Levine: Georg Simmel on individuality and social forms: selected writings . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-75776-6 . Retrieved on May 29, 2017 .  
  5. ↑ Macionis (2011). Sociology (in en). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-700161-3 . OCLC 652430995 .  
  6. ↑ Berlin (2002). Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (in en). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510326-7 . OCLC 611127754 .  
  7. ↑ "Studying Culture ? Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with Richard Hoggart". Media, Culture & Society 13 .  
  8. ↑ Adams. " Cultural hallmark ", The Guardian , September 23, 2007. Retrieved on October 30, 2016.
  9. ↑ James (2004). Stuart Hall . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26267-5 . OCLC 318376213 .  
  10. ↑ Sardar (1994). Introducing Cultural Studies . New York: Totem Books. ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 . OCLC 937991291 .  
  11. ↑ Roger O’Keefe, Camille Peron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73.
  12. ↑ UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly. UNESCO, September 13, 2017.
  13. ↑ UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999 . Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved on September 1, 2021.
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