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????? ???????? ?????????? ??
????? ???????? ??????: ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????
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???? 3 ?????? 1950 ( 1950-11-03 ) (??? 73)
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??????? ??? ????????????? , ???????? ????????????? , ???????? ??????-?????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ????????????? , ?????????? ????????????? [1]
?????? ??? ????????????? , ???????? ?????????????
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????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? (2002)
??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (2002)
????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? (2013)

????? ?? ?????? (???? ?????? 3, 1950) ??? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? (????-??????????) ??????? ?? ??????? ???? [2] ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ( ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????) ?????? ???? ???? [3] ???????? 1996 ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? [4] , 2002 ??? ???????? ????????????? ?? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ "James E. Rothman, Faculty: Yale Department of Chemistry" . ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? 11 ?????? 2012 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2013-10-09 .
  2. ↑ "James E Rothman" . ??? ?? 15 ??????? 2013 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 7 ??????? 2013 .
  3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013" . ???? ????????. ??? ?? 4 ????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 8 ??????? 2013 .
  4. ↑ "KFIP Winners Archive" (PDF) . King Faisal Foundation. ??? (PDF) ?? 6 ?????? 2012 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 8 ??????? 2013 .
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