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??????? nobelprize.org
1901 ??? ???? ??????? (1839-1907), ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????????, ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???

1901 ??, ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ( ??????? : Nobelpriset i litteratur ) ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, "??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??" (??? ??????? den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmarktaste i idealisk riktning )? [1] [2] ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? [3] ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1895 ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????

??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? "?????????" ?? "?????" (???????? ??????) ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? "?????????" ?? ??? "?????" ???? ??? [2] ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? "????? ?????, ???? ????????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????" ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???

???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ...... ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? : ?? ????????, ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? 2010 ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???

??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???

????????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? , ?????, ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? [4] [5] ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? 27 ?????? 1895 ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? [6] [7] ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 94%, 31 ?????? ??????? ?????? (2008 ??? 186 ?????? ??????? ????) ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? [8] ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? 26 ?????? 1897 ?? ?????????? (?????? ?? ????) ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? [9] [10] ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??, ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????

?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????: 7 ??? ?? ???????????? ???????, 9 ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 11 ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. [11] [12] ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. 1900 ???, ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? [10] [13] [14] ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? [14]

??????? ????????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ??????, ????????, 2008 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????

?? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? [15]

?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? 1 ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? [16]

????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? -????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? (???? 1,356,610 ?????? ???? ?? 1,067,950 ????.) [17] ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??; ??????? ??????? 10 ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? [18]

???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? [19] ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? [20] ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? [21] ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? [21]

????? ???????? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

1902 ??, ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? [22] ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? (??? ?? ????? ?? ???)? ????? ???????, ????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? (1833-1896) ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? [23] [24] ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? [25]

????? ???????? ???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? [26] ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? [26]

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????: ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????, ?? ????? ???????????, ????? ???????, ???? ??????, ????????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????, ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? [27] ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? [ ???? ]

1901?? 1912 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? "????? ?? ?????????" ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? , ?????? ???? , ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? [28] ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ???????? ?? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? [28]

?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? "??? ??? ? ????????" ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??, ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? [29] ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????

2008 ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? 1950 ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ??? ?? 1955 ?? 1954 ???; "?? ?? ?? ????? (???????) ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????". ?? ??????, ???? ?? 1957 ??? ???????? ????? [30]

?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? 1961 ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????????? (????????) [31] ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? [32]

1964 ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????????, ????? ???????? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? "

1970 ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? (???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? - ??????????? ????? ????? ???) ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? 10 ??????? 1974 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? [33]

1974 ??? ?????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? 1976 ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???, ? ?? ????? ?? ? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? [34]

??????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? : ? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? [35] '?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????, ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? [36] [37]

1997 ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? [38] ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? [39]

???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? 1989 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? [40] [41]

?? 2004 ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 1996 ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? [40] [41]

2005 ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? [42] ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? 2006 ??? 2007 ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 2006 ??? 2007 ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? [43]

???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? [44] ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2008 ??? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??.?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? [45] 2009 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? (?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??) ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? [46] 2009 ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???, ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??? [47] ??????? 2010 ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???

??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

18 ??????? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??, ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? [48] ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? [48]

1989 ???, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? [49]

?????? 2018 ???, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???-?????? ???????? ????? ??, ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????, ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? [48] [49] [50]

10 ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ???? 11 ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???, ??: 2018 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 4 ?? 2018 ??, ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? 2019 ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? [51] [52] [53]

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Literature" . nobelprize.org . ??? ?? 14 ?? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  2. ↑ ? ? John Sutherland (??????? 13, 2007). 2189673,00.html "Ink and Spit" ?????? |url= ??? ( ??? ) . Guardian Unlimited Books . ? ???????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 . [ ??? ??????? ]
  3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Literature" . Swedish Academy . ??? ?? 1 ?????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  4. ↑ "History ? Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833?1896)" . BBC. ??? ?? 7 ????? 2013 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  5. ↑ "Guide to Nobel Prize" . Britannica.com. ??? ?? 7 ????? 2013 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  6. ↑ ?????? ??????: 1983, ??? 7
  7. ↑ von Euler, U.S. (6 ??? 1981). "The ????? ??????? and its Role for Modern Day Science" . Die Naturwissenschaften . ?????????-Verlag. ??? (PDF) ?? 14 ????? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 21 ????? 2010 .
  8. ↑ "?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? Archived 2011-06-04 at the ????? ???? , nobelprize.org. 6 ?????? 2007 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  9. ↑ "The ????? ??????? ? History" . Nobelprize.org. ??? ?? 9 ????? 2010 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  10. ↑ ? ? ??????? ????? ???????????: 2001, ??? 13
  11. ↑ "Nobel Prize History ?" . Infoplease.com. 1999-10-13. ??? ?? 7 ????? 2013 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  12. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. "????? ??????? (Scandinavian organisation) ? Britannica Online Encyclopedia" . Britannica.com. ??? ?? 7 ????? 2013 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  13. ↑ ????? (AFP), "???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????" Archived 2013-05-03 at the ????? ???? , ?? ???? (5 ??????? 2009): 20 ????? 2010 ?? ?????? ???? ???.
  14. ↑ ? ? "????? ???????" Archived 2015-04-29 at the ????? ???? (2007), ?????????? ???????? ???, 15 ????? 2009 ?? ?????? ???? ???, ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??:
    After Nobel’s death, the ????? ??????? was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions?three Swedish and one Norwegian?should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The ????? ??????? is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
  15. ↑ "Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature" . nobelprize.org . ??? ?? 11 ??????? 2007 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  16. ↑ "Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates in Literature" . nobelprize.org . ??? ?? 11 ??????? 2007 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  17. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Amount" . nobelprize.org . ??? ?? 28 ?? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  18. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" . nobelprize.org . ??? ?? 11 ??????? 2007 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  19. ↑ Tom Rivers (2009-12-10). "2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors | Europe| English" . .voanews.com. ??? ?? 14 ?????? 2012 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 . ??? "London 10 ??????? 2009" ?? ??????? ?? ??? ( ??? )
  20. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Amounts" . Nobelprize.org. ??? ?? 31 ????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  21. ↑ ? ? "????? ??????? - ????????" Archived 2011-05-05 at the ????? ???? (2007), ?????????? ???????? ???, 15 ????? 2009 ?? ?????? ???? ???, ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??:
    Each Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money, the amount of which depends on the income of the ????? ???????. (A sum of $1,300,000 accompanied each prize in 2005.) A Nobel Prize is either given entirely to one person, divided equally between two persons, or shared by three persons. In the latter case, each of the three persons can receive a one-third share of the prize or two together can receive a one-half share.
  22. ↑ "Medalj ? ett traditionellt hantverk" (??????? ???). Myntverket. ??? ?? 18 ?????? 2007 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-12-15 .
  23. ↑ "?? ????? ??????? ??? ???" Archived 2009-09-16 at the ????? ???? , "????? ??????: ????????, ?????, ??? ??????", ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????: ? ????????????? ???????? , ???? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????????. 7 ??????? 2007 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  24. ↑ "The Nobel Medals" . Ceptualinstitute.com. ??? ?? 19 ?????? 2007 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  25. ↑ "????? ??????? ??? ??????????. Archived 2011-08-12 at the ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????. Archived 2011-08-12 at the ????? ???? 1954" Archived 2011-08-12 at the ????? ???? , "?????: ???? ???????? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????????, 1954h2.1", "?? ???????????? ??? ??????: ???????? ??? ????????????", ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????: ? ????????????? ???????? , ???? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????????. 7 ??????? 2007 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  26. ↑ ? ? "The Nobel Prize Diplomas" . Nobelprize.org. ??? ?? 1 ????? 2006 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-01-15 .
  27. ↑ ???????? ????, "?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????????" Archived 2009-04-19 at the ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? . ??? . ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? , 2 ??????? 2008. 15 ????? 2009, ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  28. ↑ ? ? Kjell Espmark (3 ??????? 1999). "The Nobel Prize in Literature" . Nobelprize.org . ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 14 ????? 2006 .
  29. ↑ From Lowbrow to Nobrow . McGill Queen's University Press. ??? ?? 7 ?????? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 15 ??? 2020 . ??????? ?????? |aurthor= ?? ??????? ?? ??? ( ??? )
  30. ↑ ??????? ?????, "?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????" Archived 2009-01-15 at the ????? ???? . ?? ???? , 28 ??????? 2008.
  31. ↑ ??????? ??????, "???? ????????? ??????: ????? ? ???? ???????????????? '?????' ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??" Archived 2007-03-18 at the ????? ???? , ?????: ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? (???????? ???????? ?? ???) 2000, ???????? ???????, encyclopedia.com ?? ?????? 26 ?????? 2008, ?? 1: "???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? Auden ?? ???? ???"
  32. ↑ ?????? ???????????, "Dag Hammarskjold" Archived 2006-10-19 at the ????? ???? , glbtq:, Transgender ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??, ???????? ?? ????????) ???????? (Heldref ???????, 2004, glbtq.com, 2006 11 ????? ?? ??????: "????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? Hammarskjold ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ? ????, ??????, ????? ?? ??????????] ?? ??????? ?? ???? [Hammarskold. ?????????????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? Auden ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? 1960 ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? "
  33. ↑ ????? ??????????, "??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????" Archived 2010-01-09 at the ????? ???? , nobelprize.org , 22 ?????? 2006. 12 ??????? 2006 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  34. ↑ Alex Duval Smith (2005-10-14). "A Nobel Calling: 100 Years of Controversy" . The Independent . news.independent.co.uk. ??? ?? 24 ?????? 2007 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2008-04-26 . Not many women, a weakness for Anglo-Saxon literature and an ostrich-like ability to resist popular or political pressure. Alex Duval Smith reports from Stockholm on the strange and secret world of the Swedish Academy.
  35. ↑ Colm Toibin (2006-05-11). "Don't Abandon Me" . The London Review of Books . ??? ?? 18 ?????? 2009 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  36. ↑ ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? 25 ?? 2008. 4 ????? 2009 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  37. ↑ ???????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? Archived 2011-07-13 at the ????? ???? ??????? 14 ?????? 2005. 4 ????? 2009 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  38. ↑ ???? ?????, " '??? ??? ???' ?????? ??????? ??????????" Archived 2009-02-14 at the ????? ???? , ?? ??????? ??????? , 27 ?????? 2007. 13 ??????? 2007 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  39. ↑ "????? ??????? ?????? ?????-???? ??????" Archived 2011-06-04 at the ????? ???? , ?? ?????? , 10 ??????? 1997, ?????? (rpt.) hartford-hwp.com. ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???. 17 ??????? 2007 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  40. ↑ ? ? "Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest" . ?????? ?????? Online . BBC. 2005-10-11. ??? ?? 18 ??????? 2006 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2007-10-13 .
  41. ↑ ? ? ????????? ?????, "?? ??????? ????? ???????? Archived 2005-11-27 at the ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? Archived 2005-11-27 at the ????? ???? , ?????????? (MSNBC) , 11 ??????? 2005. 13 ??????? 2007 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  42. ↑ Neil Smith (2005-10-13). " ' Political element' to Pinter Prize" . ?????? ?????? . bbc.co.uk. ??? ?? 21 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2008-04-26 . Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. As a poet, screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays, he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century. However, his outspoken criticism of US foreign policy and opposition to the war in Iraq undoubtedly make him one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious honour . Indeed, the Nobel academy's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element. 'There is the view that the Nobel literature prize often goes to someone whose political stance is found to be sympathetic at a given moment,' said Alan Jenkins, deputy editor of the Times Literary Supplement . 'For the last 10 years he has been more angry and vituperative, and that cannot have failed to be noticed.' However, Mr Jenkins insists that, though Pinter's political views may have been a factor, the award is more than justified on artistic criteria alone. 'His dramatic and literary achievement is head and shoulders above any other British writer. He is far and away the most interesting, the best, the most powerful and most original of English playwrights.'
  43. ↑ ??? ?????, "?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????: Archived 2011-06-04 at the ????? ???? ?? ????: ??????????? ??? ?? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????", ?????? ?????? , ??????. (rpt). ?? ???? (????) ??, 14 ??????? 2007. 17 ??????? 2007 ?? ??????? ???? ???.
  44. ↑ ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? (?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ????????) Archived 2009-02-10 at the ????? ????
  45. ↑ Kirsch, Adam (2008-10-03). "The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature" . Slate.com. ??? ?? 5 ??? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-06-16 .
  46. ↑ "Judge: Nobel literature prizes 'too Eurocentric' | World news | guardian.co.uk" . Guardian. 2009-10-06. ??? ?? 14 ?????? 2010 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-02-05 .
  47. ↑ ??????, ????. Archived 2018-07-21 at the ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???-???-'???'. Archived 2018-07-21 at the ????? ???? ???????? ?????. ????????, 9 ??????? 2009.
  48. ↑ ? ? ? ?????????? ?????? (12 ?????? 2018). "In Nobel Scandal, a Man Is Accused of Sexual Misconduct. A Woman Takes the Fall" . ????????? ?????? . ??? ?? 13 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 13 ?????? 2018 .
  49. ↑ ? ? David Keyton (6 ?????? 2018). "3 judges quit Nobel literature prize committee" . ???????? ?????? . Associated Press. ??? ?? 7 ?? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 6 ?? 2018 .
  50. ↑ "Sexual Misconduct Claim Spurs Nobel Members to Step Aside in Protest" . ????????? ?????? . Reuters. 6 ?????? 2018. ??? ?? 7 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 7 ?????? 2018 .
  51. ↑ "?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????" . ?????? . ?????? . 4 ?? 2018. ??? ?? 15 ?? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 4 ?? 2018 .
  52. ↑ Press release. "Svenska Akademien skjuter upp 2018 ars Nobelpris i litteratur" . Svenska Akademin . ??????? ??????. ??? ?? 4 ?? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 4 ?? 2018 .
  53. ↑ Wixe, Susanne (10 ?????? 2018). "Detta har hant: Krisen i Svenska Akademien ? pa 3 minuter" [Previously: The crisis in the Swedish Academy in 3 minutes]. Aftonbladet . Aftonbladet. ??? ?? 4 ?? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 4 ?? 2018 .

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?????????? ?????? ?? Nobel Prize in Literature ?? ????????? ?????? ???
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