???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-19

	???? : ; ???? ?-18 ? ???? ?-19 ? ???? ?-20
	?????? : ; 1830?1839 - 1840?1849 - 1850?1859 - 1860?1869 - 1870?1879
	???? : ; <<< - 1850 - 1851 - 1852 - 1853 - 1854 - 1855 - 1856 - 1857 - 1858 - 1859 - >>>

???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-19 ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?-19 , ???? ?- 1 ?????? 1850 ???????? ?- 31 ?????? 1859 .

???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-19 ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????, ???? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ^[1]. ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ???? . ??????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ^[2]. ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ^[3].

?????, ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????.

?????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??50 ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? , ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ^[4].

??????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? (1854?1856) - ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???????, ????????? ????'?????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? .
????? ??????? ?????? (1856?1860) - ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????.
????? ???????-??????? (1859) - ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????.

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1864-1851: ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????-???? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????'??? ???? ????? ????? ?'??? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?-19, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? 20 ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 100 ?????? ?????.
1863-1853: ??? ???? ( ??' ) ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???. ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?'???, ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?'??? ?????? ???? ?-20. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? 100 ??? ??????.
1873-1854: ??? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????'??? ????? ??? ????? ?'???. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? 4.9 ?????? ??????.
1856-1854: ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???.
1859-1854: ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.
1858-1855: ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ( ??' ) ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ^[5].
1867-1855: ?????? ???? ?????-???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? , ?????? ????? ??? ???. ??????? ????? ??????? ???.
1873-1856: ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? 2 ?????? ???.
1857: ???? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ^[6].
1861-1857: ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1853 - ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?-200 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ^[7].
30 ?????? 1853 ? ????? ????? : ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? .
20 ???? 1854 - ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? , ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? .
1856: ???? ???? - ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? , ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ^[8].
20 ??????? 1857 ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? , ???? ????? ????? ???? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?????? ????????? : ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ^[9].
????? ?????? ???? :
- 1851: ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? - ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ( ??' ) ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ^[10].
- 1852: ????? ????? ??????? ??????? - ????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ^[11].
- ????? ????? ????? - ????? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
- ????? ????? ??????? ????? - ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ^[12].
1850: ??? ????? ????????? ????? ( ??' ) - ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[13].
1848?1858: ????? ???? ?????????? - ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????-???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????, ????? ?????? "????? ????", ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????.
1859: ??? ??? - ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????, ? ????? ????????? , ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ^[14].
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? : ?????? ?????? (1850), ???? ???? ????? (1851), ????? (1856).

?????????, ???????, ????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

??????????, ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????):

?-18 ??????? 1853 ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? (Janos Libenyi).
?-28 ?????? 1855 ???? ???????? ?????? , ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? , ??????? ???????.
14 ?????? 1858 - ????? ??? ??? ????? ?-142 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????'? ???????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1852 - ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? . ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?-800 ?????? (????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?-2 ????? ??????) ^[15].
1856 - ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???'?? . ????? ???? ?-600 ?????? ^[15].
9 ?????? 1857 ? ????? ????? ????? ??'?? (1857) ????? ???? ? ???????? 7.9 ? ????????? ????? ????? ???.
21 ???? 1857 ? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? 100,000 ??? ???.

?????? ???? ??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

27 ??????? 1854 ? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? : ????? ?????? Arctic ????? ???? ?????? ?-300 ???.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? , ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????. ? ????? ?????? ?-5.5% ??????????? ?????? ?????? ^[16].

??? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ? ????? ?????? ?? **????? ?????** ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?'???? ???? 1852

1851: ????? ????? ? ????? ???????? (Collodion) ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ( ????? ??? ), ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 20 ????????? ??????? ^[17].
1851: ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? .
1852: ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?'???? ^[18].
1854: ????? ? ???????? .
1856: ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? .
1856: ?'???? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ^[19].
1856: ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?? ???: " ????? ???? ".
1857: ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? 488, ??? ???? . ????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 4 ?-5 ????? ^[20].
1857: ? ?????? ???? ? ???? .
1858: ????? ? ???????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???.
26 ??????? 1858: ? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? .
27 ??????? 1859: ?????????? ??? ? ????????? ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?????.
????? ???? ?? ? ????? ?'??-???? ???? (Jean-Louis Lambot) ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ^[21].

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1850: ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ^[22].
1854: ??? ? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?'?? ??? ????, ????????? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? . ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.
?????? 1855: ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ^[23].
1856: ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? . ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ^[24].
1858: ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[25].
1859: ????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??-??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???'?? ???????? ???????? ( ??' ) .
24 ??????? 1859: ???? ???? ???? ?? ?'???? ?????? " ???? ?????? ".

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? : ???? ??? (1851), ??? ??? ???? (1859)

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? 1855 ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???????? , ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ^[26].
???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ????'????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ^[27].

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ??????

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-19 ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ????????? - ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ????????
^ Interactive World History Atlas since 3000 BC , geacron
^ The Concert of Europe to the outbreak of World War I , ??????????? ????????
^ ???????? ?? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ????????
^ ?????? ?????????? , ???? ???? ?????????
^ ???????? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ????????
^ Japan profile - Timeline , BBC
^ The Concert of Europe to the outbreak of World War I , ??????????? ????????
^ ?????? ????????? , ???? ??????????? ????????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
^ 160 years of railroads in Latin America and the Caribbean , ???? ????-??????? ??????
^ [ https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/11chapter12.shtml AFRICA & EUROPE (1800-1914)], BBC
^ Q&A with Daniel Brook: 'A History of Future Cities' , VOA
^ ????? ??? , ???? ??????? ?? ??????
^ History of Gasoline , ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
^ ¹ ² ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? , ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????
^ CHOLERA , Austin Community College ( ?????? )
^ ????? , ???? ??????????? ????????
^ The First Powered Airship | The Greatest Moments in Flight
^ History Of Refrigeration
^ ???? ????? , ???? ??????????? ????????
^ Construction , ????????
^ Rudolf Clausius ? coined the term entropy
^ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
^ Homo neanderthalensis , ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????, ???? ????'??????
^ ???????? ?? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ????????
^ History of Swimsuits , thoughtco
^ ????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? , 2 ????? 2020

[1] ????????? - ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ????????

[:4-2] Interactive World History Atlas since 3000 BC , geacron

[:0-3] The Concert of Europe to the outbreak of World War I , ??????????? ????????

[:03-4] ???????? ?? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ????????

[5] ?????? ?????????? , ???? ???? ?????????

[6] ???????? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ????????

[7] Japan profile - Timeline , BBC

[8] The Concert of Europe to the outbreak of World War I , ??????????? ????????

[9] ?????? ????????? , ???? ??????????? ????????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????

[10] 160 years of railroads in Latin America and the Caribbean , ???? ????-??????? ??????

[11] [ https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/11chapter12.shtml AFRICA & EUROPE (1800-1914)], BBC

[12] Q&A with Daniel Brook: 'A History of Future Cities' , VOA

[13] ????? ??? , ???? ??????? ?? ??????

[14] History of Gasoline , ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????

[הערה_מספר_25495495:0-15] ¹ ² ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? , ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????

[הערה_מספר_20181003130211:0-16] CHOLERA , Austin Community College ( ?????? )

[17] ????? , ???? ??????????? ????????

[18] The First Powered Airship | The Greatest Moments in Flight

[19] History Of Refrigeration

[20] ???? ????? , ???? ??????????? ????????

[21] Construction , ????????

[22] Rudolf Clausius ? coined the term entropy

[23] Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

[24] Homo neanderthalensis , ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????, ???? ????'??????

[25] ???????? ?? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ????????

[26] History of Swimsuits , thoughtco

[27] ????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? , 2 ????? 2020

[1]

[2]

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[8]

[9]

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[11]

[12]

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[14]

[15]

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[17]

[18]

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[27]