???????

???????
K?lauea
	??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????
	??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????
??? ????? ??????
	????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????
	???? ????? ?? ??? ?????"? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 1987 , ??? ?????????? 8
??? ????	897.4 ??"?
???? ????
??? ??	?? ??? ?????? ???? ???
????	1,247 ?????
?????	????? ?????
?????	?????
??? ????	??? ?????
???? ?? ???	332010
??????? ??????	21 ?????? 2020
???????????	19°25′16″N 155°17′12″W / 19.421097472°N 155.286762433°W
	(???? ????? ?????) ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????

??????? (? ?????? : K?lauea , ????? [kiːlou??j??] ? ?????? ) ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? , ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? . ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? "????" ?? "????? ????" ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???. ??? 3 ?????? 1983 ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? (Pu?u ????). ??? 1952 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ^[2] (90% ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?-1,000 ????), ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? . ^[3] ??? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? . ^[4]

??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? (?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 95 ?"? ????) ?????? ????-???? ??? ? ????? ??? ( ?????? ???? ?? ????? ) (??? ?? ?????? ?????? (L??ihi Seamount)‏). ^[5]

? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? . ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

???? 1987 ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? , ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???? (?????? ????? ????? ?????):

????? (Kohala; ????)
????? ???? (????)
???????? (Hual?lai; ????)
????? ???? (????, ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? )
??????? (???? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????)

??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? (4,169 ????? ??? ???? ???) ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 1,247 ????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ?????, ????? ?? 24 ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? . ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???'? , ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? , ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????.

??????? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ??????? (East Rift Zone), ????? ?????? ?????-?????? (South West Rift Zone), ????? ??????? ???? (Koa'e), ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? 2 ?-7 ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????-??????.

?????? ?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? 3x5 ?"? ?????? ????? ??? 145 ?????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?- 1790 ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? (Powers caldera) ?????? ?-6 ????????? ????? ???? 2,100 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????-???????. ^[6] ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? (?????? ???????? ?????? ??????) ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? (Halema?uma?u), ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ??? 83 ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? 770 ????? ?? 900 ?????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ???? ???-????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 3 ?-6 ????????? ?????? ?-55 ?????????. ???? ???? ???-??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 80 ????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????:

???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (Puhimau) ?? ???? ????? ???? (Mauna Ulu). ??????, ????? ?? 6 ?????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? (Pauahi). ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? (Puna) ??? ??? ???. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????.
???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? (Heiheiahulu).
???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????? (Cape Kumukahi).

?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?-1983 ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????-?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????-?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? 38 ?????????, ????? 4 ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??-????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????. ????? (W. A. Duffield) ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????: ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????? ??????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ???? (Koa'e) ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????-???? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?-15 ?????????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????-?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????-??????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-500 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? , ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????-?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???-?????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????.

????????? ??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 15 ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?-7%.

????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????:

???? ?????? (Hilina) - ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?-300 ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 100,000 ?-30,000 ????.
??? ????? (Pahala Ash) ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?-15 ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? 24,000 ?? 10,000 ????, ????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????-??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.
???? ???? (Puna) ? ???? ?? ?????? ????? 10,000 ????? ???????? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? 300 ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?-90% ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?-1,100 ???? ??-70% ???? ??? ????? ????? ?-500 ????.

????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????-14 , ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????? . ^[6]

?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?-1820. ?????? ????, ???? 1790, ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ^[7] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? (Ke?ua Kuahu?ula), ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? .

?-1825 ???? ?????? ???? ?????? , ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? , ?? ?? ????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?"??? ??????" ?????? ???????????? 19°24′54″N 155°15′23″W / 19.41500°N 155.25639°W / 19.41500; -155.25639 .

???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????. ^[8] ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?-1924, ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? (Halema?uma?u) ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? 9 ?"? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? 15 ?-20 ?"? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?-1959, ??? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? (K?lauea Iki). ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? 580 ?????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? , ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??-?????? ??????? ????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ???-?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? - ???? ??? (Ka?? Desert) - ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? (??? ?-1,000 ?"? ??? ????), ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???-?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? , ???? ?- pH ??? ???? ???? ?? 3.4, ?? ?????. ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??.

????????? ??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? . ?-90% ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?-1,000 ????, 70% ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?-600 ????? ????????. ????? ???? ?-20 ??? 45 ????????? ????????.

??????? ????? ?????, 1974-1969 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?-24 ???? 1969 ???????? ?-22 ????? 1974. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???.

??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? , ????? (??lo?i) ????? (?Alae), ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????. ?? ??? ????? (????) ??? ??? ?????? (???????????) ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 540 ?????. ?????? 1973 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? (Pauahi) ???????? (Hi?iaka). ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????.

???????? ?????? ?-1983 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????

???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?- 3 ?????? 1983 , ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????: ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? (K?pa?ianah?). ??? ?????? ????? ?? 11 ?? 12 ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????: ??????? (Wahaula) ???????? (Kamokuna).‏ ^[9] ??????? ?? ????? 117 ??"? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? 2 ??"? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???. ??? 1983 ????? ???? ???? ?-2.7 ????????? ??????? ?? ???, ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????. 189 ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?-80 ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? 300 ?????, ???? ???????.

?-1987 ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? (Royal Gardens), ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? . ???? ???? ?? 1990 ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????; ??????? ????? (Kalapana) ?????? (Kaimu) ????? ????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???? 130, ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

??????? ??? ????? ?-2008 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ???????? ?? 19 ???? 2008 ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? 1924 ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? 1982. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 3.7, ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? 750 ???? . ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????. ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????. ^[10] ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???-?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????.

????? ????? ???????? ?? 24 ???? 2008 ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???-????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? (????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????) ?????? ????? ?? 10 ?"? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?-1982 ???? ?????? ????.

??? ????? 2008 ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? 2010 ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? (Kalapana Gardens).

??????? 2014 ????? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???. ^[11]

???????? ?-2018 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? 2018 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????. ?-3 ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??-?????? . ?-4 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? 6.9 ? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? 2018. ?-700 ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????.

???????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?-320 ??? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ^[4]^[12]

???? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? (??? ?????? ????????), ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

??????? ?????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ??? (????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????) ?????? ??? (???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????).

?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??????? (Kamapua'a). ???? ??? ?????????, "??? ??? ????????" ( ??? ?? ??? Sadleria ), ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? (??? ????? ?????) ????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? Sadleria ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????

Hawaii: Geology, Plate Tectonics/Hot Spot ?????? ??????? ???? (???????)
Rivers of molten lava high up Pulama Pali - Kilauea Volcano , ????? ???? ??????
???? ???? ????? , ?? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? , 17 ??????? 2019
??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???? ???? ????? , ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? , 14 ??????? 2021

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Global Volcanism Program
^ Juvik, Sonia P. (1998) Atlas of Hawaii , University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-2125-8 , p. 45.
^ "Interesting Facts" . Edu . Oracle Foundation.
^ ¹ ² ??? ???? ????? , ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ???. ???? , ???? ???? , 16 ?????? 2019
^ "Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park: Geologic Resources Inventory Report" (PDF) . Gov . The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center.
^ ¹ ² Richard B. Moore and Frank A. Trusdell, Geology of kilauea volcano
^ Swanson, D. A.; Rausch, J. (December 2008). "Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of K?lauea" . American Geophysical Union Swanson, D. A.; Rausch, J., American Geophysical Union.
^ Kilauea explosions
^ USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
^ "Halema’uma’u Eruption Reaches Five-Year Anniversary"
^ Hawaii volcano lava threatens homes From the BBC
^ Andrews, Robin George (2018-12-12). "Americaa€™s Most Hazardous Volcano Erupted This Year. Then It Erupted and Erupted" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 .

[1] Global Volcanism Program

[2] Juvik, Sonia P. (1998) Atlas of Hawaii , University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-2125-8 , p. 45.

[OracleEdu-Facts-3] "Interesting Facts" . Edu . Oracle Foundation.

[ARZ-4] ¹ ² ??? ???? ????? , ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ???. ???? , ???? ???? , 16 ?????? 2019

[NPS_Geological_Resources_Inventory_Report-5] "Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park: Geologic Resources Inventory Report" (PDF) . Gov . The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center.

[גאולוגיה-6] ¹ ² Richard B. Moore and Frank A. Trusdell, Geology of kilauea volcano

[7] Swanson, D. A.; Rausch, J. (December 2008). "Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of K?lauea" . American Geophysical Union Swanson, D. A.; Rausch, J., American Geophysical Union.

[8] Kilauea explosions

[9] USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

[10] "Halema’uma’u Eruption Reaches Five-Year Anniversary"

[11] Hawaii volcano lava threatens homes From the BBC

[12] Andrews, Robin George (2018-12-12). "Americaa€™s Most Hazardous Volcano Erupted This Year. Then It Erupted and Erupted" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 .

[1]

[2]

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[6]

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[11]

[12]