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[1]
(
?? ????
:
Chelonoidis nigra
) ???
???
??
???? ????? ?
?????
?
???? ???????
????? ?
??? ???????
. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?-400
?"?
, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?-180
?"?
.
????? ????
??????, ????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?
???? ???????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?-190 ???.
?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?
??? ???????
,
???????
???? ?????? ?-1,000
?"?
?????? ?
???????
.
???? ?????
??????
????? ?? ????? ?
??? ?-16
, ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? galapago ??????? ???????? "??".
[2]
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ?
?????
????? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ????? ??
?'???? ??????
???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????
"????"
?-
1835
???? ?????? ???? ?
????????
???.
????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?-250,000 ????? ?
??? ?-16
, ?? ??-3,000 ?????? ?
???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-20
. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????
????? ??????
???
????????
,
?????
?
??????
?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. ?-15 ???-????? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ?
?? ????
?? ????? ???
(
Chelonoidis nigra abingdoni
), ????? ??????
?'???' ?????
, ?? ?-
24 ?????
2012
, ???? ??? ???? ??-???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ?
??? ?-20
, ????? ??? ???????
???? ?-21
???? ????????? ????? ????? ?-19,000 ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? "????? ?????" ?? ???
????? ?????? ??????
.
?? ?? ???? ????
?? ????????
, ??? ???? ?
?????? ???????
??? ??
?????
. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
???? ?? ???? ????
??-?????
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. 2 ??-????? ?????,
?? ????? ???
?-Chelonoidis nigra niger, ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ?? ???-????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????? ???
?? ??????? ????
.
??-?????
:
- ?? ????? ???
(Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii) - ????
- ?? ??????? ????
(Chelonoidis nigra becki)
- Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis
- Chelonoidis nigra darwini
- Chelonoidis nigra donfaustoi
- Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis
- Chelonoidis nigra guntheri
- Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis
- Chelonoidis nigra microphyes
- Chelonoidis nigra niger - ????
- Chelonoidis nigra phantasticus
- Chelonoidis nigra porteri
- Chelonoidis nigra vandenburghi
- Chelonoidis nigra vicina
??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????
??????
. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ??????, ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?
??????
. ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
??????
. ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????.
?-
1535
??? ???? ?????,
???? ????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????? ??
????
, "???? ?????? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???." 300 ??? ???? ???, ?-
1835
???
?'???? ??????
"???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ... ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????". ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?-400
???????
(880
??????
) ?????? ??? ????? ?-187
?????????
(6.14
???
). ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ??
?????????
??????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ????/??? ??? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
???????
. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?
??????????
(?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??????) ?????? ??????.
???????
?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????
?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????.
??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????.
[3]
?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????
????
??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ????
????
????? ???? ???? ?? ???. ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????, ???-????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ??????, ?????? (??? 800 ???) ????? ????, ???
???? ????
, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???? (???? ?-500 ???) ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (???
????????
?
??????
). ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???
?? ????? ????
?
???? ??????
.
?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????.
????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????.
???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??
???? ?????
?????.
??-??????? ???????
??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? - ????? ?????? ?????? 272?317
???????
(600?699
??????
), ???? ????? ?????? ?????? 136?181
???????
(300?399
??????
).
?? ??????? ???? ??????
??? ???????? ??
???? ?? ??
, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? 8?9 ???? ????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? 300 ??? ????.
????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?
???? ??????
, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? (?? 600 ???) ?
???? ?????
. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????? "?????????? ????". ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????.
?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???, ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????
??????
???
??????
?
??????
. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? "??????" ("Pallets"). ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ?
?? ????
????? ???
??????
) ???????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
?? ????
?? ???????? ?? ????
?????????
, ???????? ?
???????
,
???
,
????
,
??????
?
?????
. ?? ???? ??????? ??
Hippomane mancinella
, "???? ????", ??
Psidium galapageium
, ???
?????
??
??????
, ??
???
????
Azolla microphylla
?-
Tillandsia insularis
?????? ?
????????
(???? ???? ?? ?
????
). ?? ???? ?????? 32?36 ?"? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????.
????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? (????? ??????? ????
?????
); ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? 18 ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???), ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????.
?'???? ?????? ???? ??: "????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??
??????
???????; ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????".
[4]
????? ???? ???? ??????,
[5]
?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.
[6]
????? ?????? ?????
????????????
(??????) ?? ???? ????? ??
??????
?
??????
. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ??????? ????????,
??? ????
????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ???????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?
??????
.
[7]
???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??. ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????.
[8]
??? ????? ?????? ?????
?? ??? ???? ?????
?????
?
????
?
?????
?????? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
[6]
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????.
[9]
?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?? ?????.
[10]
?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? (?? ???? ?? ???? ???) ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
[11]
?????? ?"????? ??????".
[6]
??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.
[12]
??? ??????? ?????? ???
???? ????
.
?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????
????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? - ????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.
[6]
?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?-30 ?"? ?????? ????? ?? 16 ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???. ????? ?? ??? 82 ?-157 ???
[13]
?????? ??? ??? ????
???????
.
[14]
?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? (????? ?? 9.6 ????? ????? ???
porteri
??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ????? ?? 4.6 ????? ????? ???
duccanesis
??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????.
[15]
????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????.
????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.
[16]
????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?-50 ??? ?????? ?-6 ?"?.
[6]
?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??
?? ??????
???? ???? ????? ???? ???? 7 ??????.
[14]
????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ??
???????
?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??. ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ?-10?15 ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ,
[13]
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
??? ???????
??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????; ??? ??????: "??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????."
[4]
???? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???,
?????
,
??????
?
???????? ??????
???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
[17]
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????; ??? ??????: "?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????."
[4]
???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? 15 ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 20?25 ????, ?????? 40 ???? (???? ?????? ????? ?????). ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???,
[18]
[19]
?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?????????, ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????
2006
????? ????? ?????? ?-170 ???.
[20]
?'?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? 169 ????
2004
, ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? 175 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????.
[21]
- ^
?"? ?????? ???????
- ^
???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????
galapagos.to - This website is for sale! - galapagos Resources and Information.
, ww16.galapagos.to
- ^
Ylenia Chiari, Chaz Hyseni, Tom H. Fritts, Scott Glaberman, Cruz Marquez, James P. Gibbs, Julien Claude, Adalgisa Caccone,
Morphometrics Parallel Genetics in a Newly Discovered and Endangered Taxon of Galapagos Tortoise
,
PLoS ONE
4, 2009-07-17, ??' e6272
doi
:
10.1371/journal.pone.0006272
- ^
1
2
3
Darwin 1839, pp. 462?466
- ^
Van Denburgh, J. (1914). "
The gigantic land tortoises of the Galapagos archipelago
". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4
2
(1): 203?374. Retrieved 2012-01-11
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
De Vries, T.J. (1984).
The giant tortoises: a natural history disturbed by man
. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 145?156. ISBN
0-08-027996-1
- ^
MacFarland, Craig G.; Reeder, W.G. (1974). "Cleaning symbiosis involving Galapagos tortoises and two species of Darwin's finches". Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 34 (5): 464?483. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01816.x
- ^
Bonin, Franck; Devaux, Bernard; Dupre, Alain (2006). Turtles of the world. Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN
0-8018-8496-9
- ^
Schafer, Susan F.; Krekorian, C. O'Neill (1983). "Agonistic behavior of the Galapagos tortoise, Geochelone elephantopus, with emphasis on its relationship to saddle-backed shell shape". Herpetologica 39 (4): 448?456. JSTOR 3892541
- ^
DeSola, Ralph (1930). "The liebespiel of Testudo vandenburghi, a new name for the mid-Albemarle Island Galapagos tortoise". Copeia 1930 (3): 79?80. doi:10.2307/1437060. JSTOR 1437060
- ^
Carpenter, Charles C. (1966). "Notes on the behavior and ecology of the Galapagos tortoise on Santa Cruz island". Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 46: 28?32.
- ^
Hayes, Floyd E.; Beaman, Kent R. Beaman; Hayes, William K.; Harris, Lester E. Jr. (1988). "Defensive behavior in the Galapagos tortoise (Geochelone elephantopus), with comments on the evolution of insular gigantism". Herpetologica 44 (1): 11?17. JSTOR 3892193
- ^
1
2
Swingland, I.R. (1989). Geochelone elephantopus. Galapagos giant tortoises. In: Swingland I.R. and Klemens M.W. (eds.) The conservation biology of tortoises. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), No. 5, pp. 24?28. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN
2-88032-986-8
- ^
1
2
MacFarland, C.G. (1972). "Giant tortoises, goliaths of the Galapagos". National Geographic Magazine 142: 632?649
- ^
MacFarland; Craig G.; Villa, Jose; Toro, Basilio (1974). "The Galapagos giant tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus). I. Status of the surviving populations". Biological Conservation 6 (2): 118?133. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(74)90024-X.
- ^
Cio?, Claudio; Swingland, Ian R. (1995). "Environmental sex determination in reptiles". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 51 (3): 251?265. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01108-2
- ^
Cayot, L.J. (1994). Captive management and conservation of amphibians and reptiles. 11. Ithaca: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. pp. 297?305. ISBN
0-916984-33-8
- ^
"Galapagos tortoise Geochelone elephantophus". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2012-01-12
- ^
"Giant tortoises of the Galapagos". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2012-01-12
- ^
Chambers, Paul (2004). "The origin of Harriet". New Scientist (2464). Retrieved 2012-01-12. (subscription required)
- ^
"Harriet the tortoise dies". ABC News Online. 2006-06-23. Archived from the original on 2006-06-24. Retrieved 2012-01-12