????? ???? (? ?????? : Air traffic control ?? ATC ) ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? (?? ????, ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ), ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? (?? ????, ? ????? ). ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? , ???? 1921. ???'? ??? , ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? "?????", ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (TCAS). ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????: ?????, ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? (??????, ??????? ???????). ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? "???? ?????? ?????" ?????? ?"???? ?????? ????? ?????" ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? . ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????.

??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? (???????? ?????? ???). ??????, ?????? ???, ???? "???? ?? ????? ???????" ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ("??????" ????? ?????):

• ????? ??? - ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????.
• ????? ???? - ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
• ????? ???? - ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? "????? ???????" ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????.
• ????? ??"? - ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???"? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????: "?????? ?? ????? ???????" ????? ?????? ????? ????? "?????? ?? ????? ???????" ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ("???? ????"). ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???"??? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????.

????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? . ????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? 5 ??? ??? (9.2 ?"? ) ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??"? . ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??"? ?????? ??"? ???? ???? (Secondary Surveilance Radar) ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???"? ???? ???? ???? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????-???? ??????? ???.

????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????: ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????, ????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? (Ground Control) ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ???, ??? ???, ?? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? VHF, ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???, ?? ??? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???, ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.

???? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? "??? ????".

????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??, ???? ??"? ????? ?????? (Surface Movement Radar - SMR) ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???"? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ??"? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? (????? ??????) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? (?????? ?????? ??? "?????", ???????: Tower) ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? "???? ????" (go-around), ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???"? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.

???? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? "??? ????".

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??. ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ??? "????? ????? ??????" (Ground Movement Planner - GMP). ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??"? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? "????? ????" ?? "????? ??????". ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 30?50 ??? ??? (56?93 ?"?) ?? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? (????? ????? ?????) ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????. ?? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? 100 ??? ???, ?? ????? ?? 20,000 ??? .

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? (??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???). ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? "??? ????" ?? "??? ?????" ??????.

?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??"? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.

????? ???? ????? ^[1] [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????: ???? ???? ????? (Visual Flight Rules - VFR), ?? ???? ???? ??????? (Instrument Flight Rules - IFR). ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????.

???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? (?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????.

???? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? "??? ????".

???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? "????" (Center). ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? "???? ????" ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? "??????" ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?"?????" ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? "????? ????". ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? (????? ????), ?? ????? ????? ???? ????.

??????, ?????? ??? ?????? "?????? ???? ???????".

????? ??"? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??"? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??200 ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ???"?. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???"? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

????? ??90% ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??"? ???? ??? ????? ??, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??"? ?????. ????, ????? ????, ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ???"? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ? ????? . ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??"? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???"? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????.

??????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??"? .

?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? . ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??"? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? (procedural control). ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????, ???? ?????, ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? (flight progress strips) ??? ??????? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????.

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???? Airservices Australia, The Federal Aviation Administration, NAVCANADA ????) ????? "????? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????" ( ADSB ) ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???"?. ????? ????"? "????" ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????. ????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ADSB ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??"? ????. ??? ??"? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? , ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ? ???? ??90 ?? ???? ??20 ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??????? . ?????? ?? FlightExplorer, FlightView ??FlyteComm. ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????.

????? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? (??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ). ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??30 ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???60 ?????? ???? ????? ???. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ??90 ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????. ??? , ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ????? ????????), ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????.

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? (AAL872, ????). ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???"? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????, ????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ????, ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? BAW, ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? speedbird. ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ????? ???? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ?????
??????? ??????????	?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???"?
??? ?????	?????? ? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????
???? ?????	???? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????
???? ????? ?????	???? ??????? ? Oneworld ? ????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? TUI ????????? ? ????? ?????? ? LATAM
?????	????? ???? ? ????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???
???? ??????	????? ????? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????
????	????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????
????	????? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????