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???????? (???? ???? ?? ????? ^[3]^[4]^[5]) ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ????? . ????, ???? 1950 ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 2003 , ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 14,000 ???? .

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??? ?? ?????? ??? "?????", ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ????? ?? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? . ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? "??????", ????? ? ??? ?????? ( ??? ?????? , ??? ?"? , ???? ?"? ): "?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????". ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? "?????", ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????.

??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? "?????". ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? "??" ???? ???? ????. ???? ??-??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? "?????". ???'?? ????? , ????? ?? ???? ?-18 , ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??, ??? ???? ??????? ^[6].

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????? ????? ???? 1903 ? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? 1899 .

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? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????????? .

?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (Chateau Pelerin) ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?- 1217 . ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? 1291 , ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? . ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ^[7]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ???? ????? ???? 1899 ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ??? (????? ??????) ?????? ??? ??? . ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? , ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? 1901 (???"?) ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? . ?????-????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? (????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????). ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ??????????.

???? 1903 ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? .

?????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? . ???? ? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?''? ?????. ?-1905 ???? ??????? ???? ???, ????? 6 ?????? ???? ?? 1906 ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ?? ???, ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???, ????? ??? ??? ????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????: ??? ?????? , ??? ???????? , ??? ????? , ????? ????? , ???? ????? , ?????? ?????? , ???? ??? , ????? ?????? , ????? ???? , ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? , ??????? ????? .

????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ????, ????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? 1936-1938.

????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????????.

???? 1910 ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? . ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ^[8]. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???"? . ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???"?. ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??.

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? ???? ???? ???? 1919 ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ???? ???????? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ^[9]^[10].

?????? ???? ???? ???? 1920 ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ^[11].

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? " ???? ???? ????-????? ". ???? ?? ???? ?? ????.

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???? 1952 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-200 ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? . ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ^[12]. ???? 1955 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ^[13]^[14].

???? 1963 ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ^[15].

?? ??? 2003 ????? ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ^[16].

????? ?-2000, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? "????? ?????", "??????", "????? ??????" ?"????? ???????" ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? (??"?) ?? ???? , ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???? 2015 ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 5000 ?"? ?????? ????.

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??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? 1951?1955 ^[17]. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? 1955, ?? ?????? 1956 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?. ???? ^[18]. ???? 1959 ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ^[19]. ???? 1962 ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ^[20]^[21]^[22]. ?????? 1964 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???"? ^[23]^[24]. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ^[25]. ??????? 1964 ??? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ^[26]^[27]. ???? ??????? ???? 1965 ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ^[28], ?? ??????? ?????? 1967 ^[17]. ???? 1968 ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? 1968 ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????"? ^[29]. ???? ??????? ???? 1969 ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? 1971 ???? ??? ?? ??? ???"? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ^[30]. ????? 1972 ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ^[31], ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? 1972 ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ^[32]. ???? 1978 ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ^[33]. ????? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? 1983 ^[34] ???? ???? 1988. ???? 1999 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ^[35] ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.

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????? ??????, ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????' ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-20 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20 .

????? ?????, ?????? ? ??? ????? , ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? 13 ?? ??? ??? . ??? ?? ????, ????????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ??? 6 . ??? ???? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20 ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??"? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ^[36].

????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? . ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? . ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? . ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? . ^[37]

?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? , ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? , ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????

????? 1939 ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? 1940. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1948. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? " ??? ???? " ????? ?????? ??? ??? .

?-1967 ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? .

???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? "???? ???????? ?????", ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? .

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?????? ?????? 3 ??? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? "??? ?????" ^[38] ????? ?-500 ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? 2009. ??? ???? "???????" ???? ????????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ???? "????? ???". ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???"? ?????? ???? ????? ???"? (??? ??? ? ??? ???"? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????), ?? ????"? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? "??? ????", ?? ?? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ???"? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? , ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 2006 , ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???"??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?'. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???.

?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? , ??? ????? , ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? .

???? 2010 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??"? ???? ??? ???? ??"? ????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?????.

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?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????.
??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? 1922.

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????? ???????? , ????? ??????: ?? ?? ???????, ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ??? ???? , ???? " ???? ????? ", 19 ???? 2009
????? ????????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? "???? ????", 29 ????? 2016
??? ?'???'?, "??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????": ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 19 ???? 2023
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^ ¹ ² ????????? ? ?????? , ? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? 2,000 ?????? ????? - ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??"? ???? ??? ????? 2024 (?????), ??? ??? ???????? - ??? ???? ????? ?? ??"? ???? ??? 2022 .
^ ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??"? ???? ???? 2019
^ ????? ?????? ?"? ?????-?"? ?????-????? , ???? ???? , 22 ??????? 1928
^ ????? ?????? ????? , ????? , 17 ???? 1953
^ ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? , ????? , 12 ???????? 1984
^ Pococke, Description of the East, London, 1743, II. 57
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^ ???? ??? ?????? , ????? ????? , 2 ??????? 1912
^ ????? ?? ????? , ???? ???? , 10 ?????? 1923
^ ???? 1927 ??? ?????? ??????: ????? , ??? , 29 ???? 1927
^ ???????? ???????? , ???? ???? , 13 ?????? 1920
^ ????? ????? ?????? ????? , ?? ????? , 17 ??????? 1953
^ ????? ????? ????? , ??? , 8 ???? 1955
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^ ????? ????, ???? (?????) ?????? ???? ???? , ????? , 16 ?????? 1963
^ ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? - ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? , 23 ??????? 2003
^ ¹ ² ???? ?? , ??? , 17 ?????? 1967
^ ???? ???? ????? ????? , ???? , 9 ??????? 1956
^ ?. ??? - ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 17 ?????? 1959
^ ?????? ?????? - ????? ?????? - ???? ?????? , ????? , 21 ???? 1962
^ ???? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? , ???? , 28 ???? 1962
^ ????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? "???? ?? ???" ?????? , ????? , 25 ??????? 1962
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^ ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? , ??? , 18 ??????? 1968
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^ ???? ????, ????? ??? ????? ????? , ????? , 12 ????? 1972
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^ ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? , ????? ???????? 2995, ???? 758
^ ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????; ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? , ???? ???? , 18 ????? 2002
^ ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?"???? ???? ???? ??????" ??? ?????? ??-??? , ???? ????? , 31 ??????? 1997
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[U-1] ¹ ² ????????? ? ?????? , ? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? 2,000 ?????? ????? - ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??"? ???? ??? ????? 2024 (?????), ??? ??? ???????? - ??? ???? ????? ?? ??"? ???? ??? 2022 .

[ESHKOL-2] ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??"? ???? ???? 2019

[3] ????? ?????? ?"? ?????-?"? ?????-????? , ???? ???? , 22 ??????? 1928

[4] ????? ?????? ????? , ????? , 17 ???? 1953

[5] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? , ????? , 12 ???????? 1984

[6] Pococke, Description of the East, London, 1743, II. 57

[7] ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? - ????? ?????? - ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ????? ?????? - ???????? ?????? ???????, ‏1 ?????? 2020

[8] ???? ??? ?????? , ????? ????? , 2 ??????? 1912

[9] ????? ?? ????? , ???? ???? , 10 ?????? 1923

[10] ???? 1927 ??? ?????? ??????: ????? , ??? , 29 ???? 1927

[11] ???????? ???????? , ???? ???? , 13 ?????? 1920

[12] ????? ????? ?????? ????? , ?? ????? , 17 ??????? 1953

[13] ????? ????? ????? , ??? , 8 ???? 1955

[14] ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ??? , 3 ????? 1955

[15] ????? ????, ???? (?????) ?????? ???? ???? , ????? , 16 ?????? 1963

[16] ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? - ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? , 23 ??????? 2003

[דבר67-17] ¹ ² ???? ?? , ??? , 17 ?????? 1967

[18] ???? ???? ????? ????? , ???? , 9 ??????? 1956

[19] ?. ??? - ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 17 ?????? 1959

[20] ?????? ?????? - ????? ?????? - ???? ?????? , ????? , 21 ???? 1962

[21] ???? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? , ???? , 28 ???? 1962

[22] ????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? "???? ?? ???" ?????? , ????? , 25 ??????? 1962

[23] ??? ??, ???? ???? ??"? ????? , ???? , 2 ??????? 1964

[24] ???? ??? ????? ????? , ????? , 4 ??????? 1964

[25] ??? ??, ?????? ?????? ????????? , ???? , 6 ??????? 1964

[26] ???? ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 14 ??????? 1964

[27] ?"???????" ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? , ???? , 9 ??????? 1964

[28] ???? ????? ?. ?? - ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 9 ??????? 1965

[29] ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? , ??? , 18 ??????? 1968

[30] ???? ??? ????? ????? , ????? , 9 ??????? 1971

[31] ???? ????, ????? ??? ????? ????? , ????? , 12 ????? 1972

[32] ???? ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 2 ??????? 1972

[33] ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? , ????? ???????? 2496, ???? 559

[34] ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? , ????? ???????? 2995, ???? 758

[35] ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????; ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? , ???? ???? , 18 ????? 2002

[36] ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?"???? ???? ???? ??????" ??? ?????? ??-??? , ???? ????? , 31 ??????? 1997

[37] ????? ??????? ???? ??????

[38] ??? ??? ????

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