???? ???????
(?
?????
:
??????? ???????
?????:
a?-?a?r?' al-Gharbiyyah;
?
??????
:
Tane?roft Tutrimt
; ?
??????
:
Sahara Occidental
) ???
????????
?
????
-
????
??????
, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????
?????
, ??? ?????? ????
1979
. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??
????? ?????
,
[2]
????
?
?????
.
???????? ??:
?????
?????,
???'????
?????-????,
?????????
????? ??????, ?
????????? ???????
?????. ???? ????????? ??? ????
?????
(??-????), ??? ??????? ????? ??????????.
???
?? ?-99% ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?
?????
????? ?
????
, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??
?????
.
[1]
???? ????????
????? ?? ?? ?????? ?
??-?????
???????? ???? ?????? ?????????
?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????.
??? ?
?????? ?????
????
1884
??? ???
1975
????? ?????????
???? ???????
?????? ??? ?????
????
. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?
?????????
??????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????
????? ??-????
?
??? ?? ????
. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
1976
. ????? ??? ?????
?????
???
???? ????????
, ?????? ???'????. ?-
1979
????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?-100,000 ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ???200,000 ??????? ???????? ????? ??-???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????
????? ?????
??? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ??
????
1991
??????
MINURSO
.
??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???
???????? ???? ?????? ?????????
, ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????.
????? ?????
???? ????
????? 2,700
?"?
?????? ?? ??? 120,000 ??????
???????
?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? "
???? ????????
", ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ???? 2020, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????.
[3]
???????
2020
, ???? ?-30 ???? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????,
[4]
[5]
?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.
[6]
????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????. ????
?????
????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????,
???????? ???? ?????? ?????????
????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???.
???"?
?? ?????
???? ??
?? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????????, ???? ???????
???? ????????
, ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??.
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???
??? ????????
?
????? ?????
. ?????, ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????
??????
????'??, ????????, ?????? ?????? ?
??? ??? ???
. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????, ??????, ???? ????????.
[7]
????, ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ?????
??????????
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????.
[8]
??? ???? ??? ????????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?-200 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1975, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.
[9]
????? 1514 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????
??????
?????
???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????.
[10]
?????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????, ???????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ????
[7]
?????? 2072 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???"?, ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????.
[11]
??? ??, ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?-7 ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???"? ??????? ????? 1966?1973. ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????.
[9]
????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
???? 1966 ??????
?????
?
?????????
?? ????? ???? ???????,
[9]
?? ???? ??? ?????? ??
??? ???? ????-????? ????
[12]
???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????.
[9]
??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??, ??? ???? 1970
???? ????????
, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????.
[7]
??????? 1975, ????
??? ??? ?????
?? "
????? ?????
" ??????? ?-200 ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????.
[7]
?????? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???"? ?? ????? 380,
[13]
?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ?-14 ??????? 1975 ????
????? ?????
- ???? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ??????????, ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? - ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???, ????? ?? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???"?
.
[7]
?????? 34/37 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???"?, ?????
???? ????????
?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????.
[14]
?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1975, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??
???????? ???? ?????? ?????????
??????? 1976. ???? ????? ?-SADR ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?-80 ??????.
[8]
????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ???? 1974 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ??
??? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ???"? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?
??-??????????
?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????.
[7]
?-20 ??????? 1988, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???"? ?????? 621, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ????"? ???"? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???"? ??????? ????? ??
?????? ????????
.
[15]
?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??
????? ?????
?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? 1990, ?????? 658 ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???"?, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????.
[16]
?????? ?? ????? "?????? ?????????", ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?-75,000 ???. ???? ????? ???"?,
MINURSO
, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ??? 1991 ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? 1992.
???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? 2000 MINURSO ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ?? ???? ?? 86,386 ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ????,
????? ?????
, ????? ???? 2002 ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??.
[8]
???? 2003 ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1999, ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ????.
[7]
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???"?, ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????.
[7]
????? ???, ???? 2006 ???"? ???"? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???"? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????.
[7]
????? ???? ?? ????? MINURSO, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ??, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???"? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???.
[17]
???? 2007 ????? ???? ???????? ???"? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???"? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ???"? ???"?, ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?
???'????
?
?????????
??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????.
[7]
???? ???"? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? 1963.
[18]
????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????
?????????
??? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????.
[3]
????, ?????, ????, ??? ???????, ????? ?????????, ?????? ?
??????
???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? (?? ?????
2020
) ?? ????? ???? ??????.
[19]
?????? 2020 ?????
????? ?????
????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?
???? ???????????
.
[2]
?? ???? ????? 2020 ??? 18 ????????? ?????????.
[20]
????? 2022 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????,
[21]
?????? 2023 ????? ??? ??????
?????? ??????
???? ?????
????? ?????
, ?? ????? ?????? ???.
[22]
[23]
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??
???
???? ??????
??????
. ????? ?
????
?????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??????, ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ?
????? ????
, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????.
???? ??????? ????? ?
???? ??????
, ????? ?
???????? ???????
, ???
?????????
?
?????
. ?????? ????? ?? ?
???'????
.
????? ????? ??
?? ????
?? ????? ??????? ??? 1,110 ?"?, ????? ?
??????
???????? ??? ??? 2,046 ?"?. ???? ????? ??? 266,000
??"?
. ????? ????? ???? ????? 1,500 ?"? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????.
?????? ?
???? ????
????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???. ?? ????? ??????
??? ?????
????? ??? ??????: ????? ?????? ?-100
?"?
????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ????????? ?????. ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ?? 45 ????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???.
????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???
?? ????
26° (??
?? ???'???
). ????? ??????, ??????? ????, ????
????? ??-????
?????? ?????
?????
. ???? ?????? ??? ???-?????? ?? ????????? ?????
??? ?? ????
, ?????? ?????
???? ???????
(????: ???'??).
???? ????
2009
, ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?-513 ??? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ?
????????
(
??'
)
.
[
???? ????
]
????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????
?????? ??????????
???????? ????? (2.15 ??? ??? ?
??????? ????
??????).
?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????:
?????
,
???????
?
??????
. ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?
?????
.
?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? "??????" - ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?-3% ??????? ???? ???? 18 ?????? ??? ???? ???????????.
?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?-3 ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? (??? ???) ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????.
??'
|
??
|
????
|
?? ???? ?????
|
?????????
???? ???? 2014
|
???
[24]
|
1
|
???? ??????? ?? ???
|
???????
|
??????-???? ???
|
433,757
|
46,108
|
2
|
???? ?????? ???'???-???'???? ???????
|
?????
|
?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
|
367,758
|
139,480
|
3
|
???? ??? ?? ?'?? ??????
|
????
|
???? ????? ??????
|
142,955
|
142,865
|
- ?????? ???????????
,
??"? ???? ???? 1991
, (1991).
- Mark W Janis,
International Court of Justice: Advisory opinion on the Western Sahara", 17 Harvard International Law Journal 3 (1976).
- Spector Samuel, "Western Sahara and the Self-Determination Debate", 16 Middle East Quarterly 33 (2009).
- Steinbach Armin, "The Western Sahara Dispute: A Case for the ECJ", 18 Columbbia Journal of European Law 3 (2012).
- Zunes Stephen, "The International Community and Military Occupation: Western Sahra in a Comparative Perspective", Conference Papers - International Studies Association 1 (2008).
- ???? ??????? - ???? ??????
(???????)
- ???? ????,
???? ??? ????? ???"?: ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
, ???? ??????, 19 ???? 2016.
- ???? ?????,
???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
, ???? ???????, 31 ?????? 2007.
- ???? ???,
???? ??????? - ????? ?? ????? ???????
, ????
????
, 12 ??????? 2010
- ???? ????
,
???"? ???"? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? - ?????? ?? ????????
, ????
ynet
, 18 ???? 2016
- ???? ????,
??? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????
, ????
????
, 6 ???? 2019
- ???? ???????
, ????
??????????? ????????
(???????)
- ???? ????
, ?? ??? ?
?????? ???????
- ^
1
2
"The World Factbook - Western Sahara"
. CIA
. ???? ?-
2007-10-21
.
- ^
1
2
???? ?????: ???"? ????? ???????? ????? ?????
, ????
ynet
, 10 ?????? 2020
- ^
1
2
??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????: "40 ???? ?????? ????? ?????"
, ????
ynet
, 13 ?????? 2020
- ^
Staff, Reuters (2020-11-14).
"Polisario leader says Western Sahara ceasefire with Morocco is over"
.
Reuters
(???????)
. ???? ?-
2020-11-22
.
- ^
???????? ???????,
???? 30 ???? ????? ??, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????
, ????
?????
, 17 ??????? 2020
- ^
??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???????
, ????
????? ???????
, 13 ??????? 2020
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Omar Sidi M, The right to self-determination and the indigenous people of Western Sahara,
CAMBRIDGE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
, 41 21, 2008, ??' 41
- ^
1
2
3
Omar Sidi M, The right to self-determination and the indigenous people of Western Sahara,
CAMBRIDGE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
, 44 21, 2008
- ^
1
2
3
4
Castellino Joshua, Territory and Identity in International Law: The Struggle for the Self-Determination in the Western Sahara,
MILLENNIUM
28, 1999, ??' 537
- ^
United Nations,
A/RES/15/1514
, December 14, 1960
- ^
United Nations,
A/RES/2072
, December 16 1965
- ^
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE,
Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara
, 1975 (
??????
)
- ^
United Nations,
A/RES/380
, 1975
(?????? ???? ????)
- ^
United Nations,
A/RES/34/37
, Novermber 21 1979
- ^
United Nations,
S/RES/621
, 1998
- ^
United Nations,
http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/MINURSO%20SRES621.php
, 1990
- ^
AMNESTY INT’L,
UN Peacekeeping Force in Western Sahara Must Urgently Monitor Human Rights
, April 18 2017
- ^
United Nations,
Western Sahara: Listing as a Non-Self-Governing Territory
, 2017
- ^
??? ??,
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
, ????
????? ????
, 10 ?????? 2020
- ^
???? ?????, ???? ynet ?"?????? ???????" ??????,
??? ?????? ???????: ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????
, ????
ynet
, 14 ?????? 2020
- ^
????? ????,
???: "????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????"
, ????
????? ????
, 21 ????? 2022
- ^
??? ??????, ????? ????,
"??? ?????? ?? ??????": ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????
, ????
????? ????
, 17 ????? 2023
- ^
????? ??????,
???? ?-40 ??? ???? ??????: ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????
, ????
ynet
, 1 ????? 2023
- ^
???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????.