??????? ?? ????? ????? ????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
(????? ???? ??????? ??-?????? )
???? ???? ??????? ??-????? ??? ????? ?? ????????:
   ??????? ??-??????
   ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ( ????? ????? )
   ????? ??????? ??????, ??????/??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??-?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????
   ???? ???? ???????? ??-?????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????
   ???? ?????? ?????? ( ?????? ?????? , ???? ?????????? , ?????? ?????? ???????)
   ???? ?????? ?????? (??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??-?????? ?????? ?????? ???)
   ??????? ??-?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ( ??? ???? ??????-??????? ??????? ??? )
   ??? ???? ? ?????? ??-?????

??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? (?????? ?? ? ??????? ??-?????? , ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???"? ) ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? , ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???. ???? ??????? 2024, ??????? ?? ????? ??-?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-37 ?????? ????? ?????, ??????????? ????? ?-1.4 ??????? ??? ??? (17% ?????????? ?????). ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? (?????? 2001), ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? (??????? 2024). ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??-?????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? .

?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ? ????? ??-?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. [1] [1] [2] [3] ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??-?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????. [4]

??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??-?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? , ????? , ?????? , ???? , ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? . ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??-?????? ???? ????????????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??-?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????????. [5] ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? , ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????.

?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??-?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??-?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ??????, ??????? ??????? ????. [6] [7] [8] [1] [9] [10] [11] [12] ??? ??, ???? ?????? ???"??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ?? . ?????? ?????? ???"??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????????. [13] [14] [15] ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? 1999 ?? ????? 2015 ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??-?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???"???. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???"???, ?????? ?? ?-134 ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???. [16]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ? ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ????????.

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? (????? ?????? ?? ?? ????). ?? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???? ???????: ? ????? , ? ????? , ? ????????? ??????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? . ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????, [17] ??????? ????? , ????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????, ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ? ???????????? ? ?????? (??????) ???????????? ???? ? ???????????? (??? ??? ???? ????). [18] ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. [18]

?????? ???? ??????? ????"? , ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? , ??? ??? ????? ?-150 ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. [18]

???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ( ???? ??????? -?????? ????"?) ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? , ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ??????: ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????. [17] ?? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???. [18]

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????

?????? ????????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??. [18] [17] ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????????-?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????. [18] ??????, ????? "??" ?? "????" ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? - ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? (?????? ?????? ????? "?????" ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????). [18]

?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? (?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????). [18] ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? , ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????????? ?'?? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ????????? ???????. [17]

?????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? , ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????. [18] [17]

?? ???, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? (???) ??????? ?? ??? ??? (????), ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? - ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. [18]

????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? . ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. [18]

?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, [17] ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. [18]

??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ???"?

????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (??????? "??????? ?????" ?? "?????? ????????") ????? ?????? ??????. ???? 2001 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? (??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????). [1] ???? ????? 2023, ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-37 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?-1.4 ??????? (17% ?????????? ?????), ???:

??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ????? ???????:
2001
2003
2005
2006
2009
2010
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2019
2020
2022
2023
2024
2025

????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? 2004 ?????? ??: "????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??-?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???, ???, ???? ????, ???????, ???? ????? ??????, ??, ???? ?????-??????? ??? ????". ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??-?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????? "????? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????" ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????. [19]

???? 2009 ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?- HIV . [20] [21] ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?-HIV ????? ???? ???? ????? ?-4 ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?-100,000 ???. [22]

???? 2010 ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ( ??' ) ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?????? , ???????????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ?????. [23] [24]

?????? ?-OECD [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????????? ??? ???? ???"???
??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??-?????? ?????? ???? 2001. ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??-????? ?????

???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 36 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ( OECD ) ????? 1991 ?? 2017, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??? 10?24 ?-1.191 ???? ???? ???? 100,000 ??? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? 17.90% ????. [25] ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?-1.993 ????? ????? ?? 0.348 ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ?? 19.98% ?-10.90% ??????.

????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??-?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??-?????? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??-?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ( ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??-?????? ???? 2001, ??? ??? 2017, 18 ???? 36 ?????? ????? ???? ????????) ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??-?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???. [25]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ( ??' ) , ????? ? ???????????? ????? ?????, ????? ?-26 ??????? 2004 ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?-43 ?'???' ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?-"??????????? ?? ???????":

"??????? ?? ???? ?-100 ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????. ????? ???, ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??-??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????". [26]

????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? 1998?2015 ????? ? ?????????? ????'???? , ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? , ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ?????????? ??????? , ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ( ??' ) , ?????????? ??????? , ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? , ?????????? ????????? ???? ???'?? , ?????????? ????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ??????? ?????-????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. [27]

???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? 1999 ?? ????? 2015 ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??-?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?'-??', ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? (???????? ? ???"? ??? ???"?) ?????? ?' - ??' ?????? ?? 7% ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?' - ??' ?? 14%, ??? ?????? ???, ?-134,000 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??-?????? ?-50 ??????? ?? ????? ????? (?????? ?????? ???? 2004 ?? ? ????? ????? ???? 2015 ) ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??-?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??-??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? "????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????". [28] [29] [16] [30] [31]

???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????

????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ???????? ???????, ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? . ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? , ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? .

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???"? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????: ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??-?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????.

?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? . ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??-?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??????? , ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??-?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.

??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? , ?????? ???"? ??????

? ????? , ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? , ??????? ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? , ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? (??? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ????). ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???, ??? ????? ???? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????.

????? ?????? ???? ????"? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??"? ???? 2015 ????? ???????? ??-??????. ??????: ??"? ??? ????, ??"? ???? ????, ?? ?????? , ????? ???? ? ???? ????

????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??-?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? 2009, ??? ?? 61% ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??-?????? ?-60% ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??-?????? ??????. [32] ??? ????? ????? ???"? ????? 2017 ??? ?? ??? ?? 79% ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??-?????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?-18% ???? 2009). [33] [34]

??????? 2001 ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??? ??? , ???? ????-?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? , ??? ???? ????? ?? "????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? '?? ?????' ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????", ?????? ??????, "??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????". ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? "?? ?????" ??? ????. [35]

???? 2005 ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????, ? ??????? ?? ???? , ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??-?????? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?-"????" ?-"????". ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?-"??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????" (????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?-24 ???? 2005). [36] ??????? ? ??"? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??-?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? . ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??-?????? ????? ?????????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?-21 ??????? 2006, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??"? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? 1963, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (??????) ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? , ????? ????, ? ???? ??? ??????? ???????.

??????? 2006 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????. [37]

????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??-????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ?????

????? ????? (? ?????? : Civil Union , ??????? ??????? ???? " ?????? / ?????? ????? ", " ?????? / ?????? ?????? " ?? " ?????? ????? / ????????? ????? / ?? ????? " ??????? ?????? ?????) ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? . ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??-??????. ????, ??????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???.

????? ????? ???? ????? ??-?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? 1989 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ????? ?-" ?????? ?????? "). ?? ???, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????.

????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? 8 ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??-????? ????? ??????? ??-??????. [38] ????? ??-?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ??????

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? , ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????). ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?-"???? ??????" ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????.

??? ??? 2020, ?????: ?? ???? , [39] ????? ?????? , [40] ???? ????? , [41] ??? ?? , [42] ?????? , [43] ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??-?????? ??????? ??????, [44] [45] ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? 2017. [46]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? - ???? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? , ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????.

?????? ?? ???????? ??-?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????????????? ? ?????? , ? ?????? , ? ?????? ?? ????????? , ?????? ?? ????? ????-??? ?? ?????? , ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ? ?????? . ????, ??????? ??????-?????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????? , [47] ??????? ?????????? , [48] [49] ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ( ??' ) ???????? ????????? ????????? ( ??' ) , [50] ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? , ??? ????? ???????????? ( ??' ) ????? ????????? ??????? ( ??' ) . [51] [52] ?????? ??????????? (????? ??? ( ??' ) ) ???????????????? ( ??' ) ), ??? ???? ?? ???????? , ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? " ??? ". [53] [54]

?? ???, ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????"? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? , ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ( ??' ) , ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ( ??' ) , ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ( ??' ) , ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ( ??' ) , ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ( ??' ) ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??-??????. ??? ?? ??, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ??? ????????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??-?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. [55] ?????? ? ????? ???????????? , ?????????????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????"? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??-??????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • ?????, "?????? ?? ???-????: ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??-??????", ????? ????? ?' 401 (2002).

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????
ויקישיתוף ?????? ????? ???????????: ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ 1 2 3 4 James G. Pawelski, Ellen C. Perrin, Jane M. Foy, Carole E. Allen, The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children , Pediatrics 118, 2006-07-01, ??' 349?364 doi : 10.1542/peds.2006-1279
  2. ^ Wayback Machine , web.archive.org, ‏2011-05-11
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  5. ^ Princeton University M. A., University of Pennsylvania B. A., Arguments Against Gay Marriage: Marriage Is for Procreation , Learn Religions (???????)
  6. ^ Andy Coghlan, Gay brains structured like those of the opposite sex , New Scientist (???????)
  7. ^ Mary Ann Lamanna, Agnes Riedmann, Susan D. Stewart, Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society , Cengage Learning, 2014-01-17, ISBN  978-1-305-17689-8 . (???????)
  8. ^ Statement on Marriage and the Family - Connect with AAA , web.archive.org, ‏2019-12-28
  9. ^ Children raised by same-sex parents do as well as their peers, study shows , the Guardian, ‏2017-10-22 (???????)
  10. ^ Major long-term study: Kids with lesbian parents grow up to be happy adults , Motherly, ‏2018-07-23 (???????)
  11. ^ "Children of same-sex couples are happier and healthier than peers, research shows" . Washington Post (???????). ISSN   0190-8286 . ???? ?- 2021-07-20 .
  12. ^ Same-sex Parents and Their Children , web.archive.org, ‏2019-06-16
  13. ^ Wayback Machine , web.archive.org, ‏2009-04-19
  14. ^ Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families ? A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society , psychology.org.au
  15. ^ Wayback Machine , web.archive.org, ‏2019-04-12
  16. ^ 1 2 Julia Raifman, Ellen Moscoe, S. Bryn Austin, Margaret McConnell, Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts , JAMA pediatrics 171, 2017-04-01, ??' 350?356 doi : 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529
  17. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 William N. Eskridge, A History of Same-Sex Marriage, Virginia Law Review Vol. 79 No. 7, ??' 1419-1513
  18. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 John Boswell, Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe , Vintage Books, 1994
  19. ^ Wayback Machine , web.archive.org, ‏2011-05-11
  20. ^ Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV Rate | Atlanta, GA | Emory University , web.archive.org, ‏2010-04-09
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  22. ^ Wayback Machine , web.archive.org, ‏2010-06-14
  23. ^ Lesbian, gay, bisexual individuals risk psychiatric disorders from discriminatory policies , EurekAlert! (???????)
  24. ^ New study suggests bans on gay marriage hurt mental health of LGB people | Psychology Today , www.psychologytoday.com (???????)
  25. ^ 1 2 Andrew Kennedy, Murat Genc, P. Dorian Owen, The Association Between Same-Sex Marriage Legalization and Youth Deaths by Suicide: A Multimethod Counterfactual Analysis , The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 68, 2021-06, ??' 1176?1182 doi : 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.033
  26. ^ Statement on Marriage and the Family , web.archive.org, ‏2015-09-12
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  28. ^ Steph Solis, Study: Teen suicide attempts fell as same-sex marriage was legalized , USA TODAY (??????? ????????)
  29. ^ Same-Sex Marriage Legalization Linked to Reduction in Suicide Attempts Among High School Students | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , publichealth.jhu.edu (???????)
  30. ^ Same-sex marriage laws linked to fewer youth suicide attempts, new study says , PBS NewsHour, ‏2017-02-20 (??????? ????????)
  31. ^ "Same-sex marriage laws tied to fewer teen suicide attempts" . Reuters (???????). 2017-02-22 . ???? ?- 2021-09-24 .
  32. ^ "Homosexuality an Aberration for Many Israelis" (?????? ???? ????, 20.6.2021) , Angus Reid, August 08, 2009
  33. ^ Wide support for gay marriage as Israel celebrates Pride , The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com (??????? ????????)
  34. ^ ??? ?? 79% ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? | ??? ???? ???????? ????? , ???? marriage.hiddush.org.il
  35. ^ ???? ???? , ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? , 17 ???? 2005
  36. ^ "??"? ???? ??-??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????" (?????? ???? ????, 20.6.2021) ???? ??? ????? ?????? .
  37. ^ ????? ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? , ???? nrg ‏, 21 ??????? 2006
  38. ^ https://www.facebook.com/andytowle , NYC Protest And Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8 - Towleroad Gay News , ‏2008-11-13 (??????? ????????)
  39. ^ ??? ??????, ? ??????? ??????: ????? ???"? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?"? , ???? ????? , 21 ????? 2020
  40. ^ ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???"????. ?????? ?????? ???? 1, ???? 2 - ??? ?????? , ???? ?????? - ????, ‏2020-11-22
  41. ^ ????? ????? ?? ?????: ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 1 ?-2 , ???? ????, ‏2021-01-24
  42. ^ ??? ????, ? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???"??? ??????? , ???? ? ???? ?, 18 ??????? 2020
  43. ^ ????? ???? ?????: ????? ???"? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ??????, ‏2021-03-17
  44. ^ ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???"?: "??? ????, ?????? ?? ????" , ???? ynet , 14 ?????? 2020
  45. ^ ????? ???? ?????: ????? ???"? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? , ???? ynet , 3 ???? 2021
  46. ^ ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? 1 ???? 2 , ???? ??????? ??????? - ????? ??????? ???????, ‏2017-11-01
  47. ^ Holy Synod - Encyclicals - Synodal Affirmations on Marriage, Family, Sexuality, and the Sanctity of Life , www.oca.org
  48. ^ The United Methodist Church | UMC.org | The United Methodist Church , web.archive.org, ‏2016-09-14
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  50. ^ Identity Statement , web.archive.org, ‏2009-09-02
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  54. ^ Interview With Elder Dallin H. Oaks and Elder Lance B. Wickman: “Same-Gender At , newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org (???????)
  55. ^ RMN+ | , web.archive.org, ‏2016-04-26


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