????? ???????

**????? ??????? (????? ???????? ??????)**
	?????: ?????? ????
???????	1 ??????? 1955 ? 30 ?????? 1975 (19 ????)
??? ????	????? ????-??? ???????
??? ????	subsidy period
????	????-???? ???? ( ????-??? )
?????	????? ????? ????? ?-1973, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? 1975, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????
?????? ???????
???? ??????? ; ???????? ; ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ; ?????? ??????? ; ????? ????? : ; ???? ??????? ; ????? ?????????: ; ?'????????? ; ?????? ???????	???? ??????? ; ????? ????? ; ?????? ??????? ; ?????? ; ???????? ; ??? ????? ; ?????????? ; ???? ; ???????? ???? ; ?????: ; ?????? ??????? ; ????? ; ????????? ?????? ; ????
???????
?? ?'? ??? ; ??? ???-???? ; ??? ???-???? ; ?????? ?????'?? ; ??????? ???'???? ;	?? ??? ???? ; ?'?? ????'??? ???? ; ?????? ?'????? ; ???'?? ?????? ; ?'??? ????
??????
???? ?? ?????? ???? (1957?1972) ; ???? ???? ???? (1972?1975)	???? ?????? ????????? (1964?1968) ; ???? ??????? ????? (1968?1972)
?????
?-860,000 ???? 1967	?-1,420,000 ???? 1968
?????
???? ??????? ?????? ??????????: 1,176,000 ??????. ; ; ???: ?-1,100 ??????,?4,200 ??????. ; ; ???? ???????: 16 ??????. ; ??"?: ?-1,177,500 ?????? ??????.	???? ???????: ?-224,000 ??????. ; ????? ?????: 58,220 ??????. ; ?????? ???????: 5,099 ??????. ; ????????: 521 ??????. ; ??? ?????: 37 ??????. ; ??????: 351 ??????. ; ????: ?-30,000 ??????. ; ; ??"?: ?-315,000 ?????? ??????.

??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?-20. ?? ???????? ?????-???? ?????? ?????? ??, ??? ????? ??????? (????-????) .

????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? (??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ) ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????? . ?????? ????? ?? "????? ???????? ??????" ^[1], ?????????? ??? ????? ??? "?????? ?????????".

?????? ???? ?- 1955 ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? 1975 ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? - ????????? ???? ??????- ????????? . ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ?-2 ?????? ?????? ??????? (???? ?????), ???? ? ??????? , ?-1.2 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? , ?-224 ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??-58 ??? ?????? ?????????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-19 ???? ???? ?? ????-??? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? . ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???.

????? ????-??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????-??? ???????

??????? 1945 ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?'? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? , ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ????. ????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ?? " ?????? ???? ", ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?? ?'? ???, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????-???? ???? .

???? ????? ? ??????? , ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ????.

????? ????? ????-??? ??????? , ????? 1954 ? 1946 , ????? ?????? ????-??? ? ???????, ???? ? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????.

??? ??????-??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? 1954 ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? , ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????-???.

?????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ?????? ?'??? ?- 1954 , ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????-??? ??????? , ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? 17 ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?'? ??? , ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? , ??? ?????? ??????? ??????.

??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? 1956 . ?? ???, ??? ???????? 1955 ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? , ??? ????? ???????? ????-????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????.

???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????:

?????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????, ??? ???? ????? ????? .
???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.
????? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????.

???????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ???? ?????-?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ???????.

??????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? (????? ?????? ?????), ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ^[2].

????? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? (1959) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????? (?????? ?? ??? " ??????? ??????? ") ?????? ????-??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????? ????-??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? (????? ?????), ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????.

?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? 1957 .

???? 1959 ????? ?????? "???? ?????? ???????" (NLF), ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?'? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? , ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? , ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? 1963 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ? ??? ?? ?? . ??? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? (1961 - 1963) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1961 , ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? , ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? , ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ^[3]. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ^[2].

????? ?????, ????, ????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? . ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????, ?????, ? ?????-????? , ???? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? 1963 ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (?- CIA ).

?- 1 ??????? 1963 ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ^[2]. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ??????.

?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ??? ???? ?- 22 ??????? 1963, ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?'????? , ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?'?????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ^[2].

????? 1964 ???? ?'????? ????? 5,000 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?-21,000.

?????? ????? ?????? (1964) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 2 ??????? 1964 ^[4] ????? ? ????? ????????? "?????" ? ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? "???????????" ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????. ?- 4 ??????? , ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? "?????" ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?'????? ?- 7 ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????.

?????? ?????? ???? ?'????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????.

???? ??? ?????? (1965) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????

???? "??? ??????" (Rolling Thunder) ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? 1965 ? 1968 . ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ???? ?"? ( ???? ????-????? ), ?????? ? ???? ?? ?'? ??? .

??????? ???? ???? 1965, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????.

????? ????? ???? 1968 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? .

????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?'????? (1965 - 1968) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ??????? ???? 1967, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????

??????? 1965 ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? "?? ????" (Flaming Dart), ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????-????? ?????? ???? ??????? .

???? 1965 ????? ????? ??????? 3,500 ?????? ? ??? ?????? - ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?-25,000 ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? 1965 ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?"? , ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?'????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?-75 ??? ?-125 ??? ??????.

?- 18 ??????? 1965 ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????, ???? "????????". ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? 5,500 ?????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????.

??? ????-??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? 1964, ??- 14 ??????? 1965 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? - ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? .

?????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?'????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?-184 ??? ?? ??? ??? 1965. ? ????? 1966 ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???'? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ? ?????? 1966 ???? ?'????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ? ???? ?????? ????????? , ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? 429,000 ?????? ?? ?????? 1966, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1966 ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ????? ??????????.

????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?'? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? , ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?- 21 ?????? ?? 8 ?????? 1968 , ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?-8,000 ??????.

????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ^[5], ??? ??? ?? ??????.

????? ?? (1968) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??

????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??? - ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? - ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????.

????, ????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???? 30 ?????? 1968 . ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??????????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? 100 ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? 36 ???? 44 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????.

?????? ???? ?-80,000 ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????.

???? ???????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???. ????? ?????, ????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????. ?????, ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????, ???? ???, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????.

???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? (Hue) ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ?-2,800 ?????? ?? ??? ??????????.

???? ?????? ???? ???, ?- 16 ???? , ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ? ??? ?? ??? .

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????.

?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? , ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????.

????? 1968 ???? ????? ??????? ????? , ???? ?? ?????????, ????? ???? ????????. ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? .

???????? 1968 ????? 24,000 ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?'????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????.

???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? (1969 - 1973) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ?????? 1969 ????? ????? ???? ???'?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????.

???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ?????????? ????? "Vietnamization" .

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? "???? ?????? ???????" ???? ???? ???????.

??????? 1970 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? , ?? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? "???" ??????? , ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? , ???? ??????? . ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ^[6].

???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?'????? ?- 31 ???? 1968 .

????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ???'?? ?????? , ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?'? ??? ???? 1970 .

???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?- 27 ?????? 1973 ? ???? .

????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ? ???????? . ????? ???? ????? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ????-??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????? .

???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????.

?????? 1975 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ?- 30 ?????? 1975 ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? , ???? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ? ?? ?'? ??? ???? , ???? ????? ?? ?? ????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? 1976. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??"? .

?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? , ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ^[7].

??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ???????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ??.

??? ?? ??, ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? . ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? .

?????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ???-???????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ???? ???????, ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??-???????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????.

??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? , ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????.

??????? ?????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? "??? ?????" (Search & destroy), ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??'???? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????.

???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????? . ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ????: ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????: ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???. ?? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????.

??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? M16 ???????? ?????? ?? "????? ???" ??????? ?? ??? ??. ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? (?????, ?????, ??? ???') ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ( ???'????? ).

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? 1965, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ??? ??????) ^[8]^[9], ???????? ??????.

????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? , ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? - ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ^[10]^[11]. ?? ???, ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???'?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? 1968 .

?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ( ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? , ????? ????? ???? ????? ?-Another Mother for Peace ^[12]) ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ????? 11 ?-1 ??????? ??? ???? ???? .

?????? ????? ?? ? ???????? ???? ?????? 1965. ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????: (SDS (Students for a Democratic Society. ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????.

???? 1965 ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?-SDS ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? , ?? ??? ????? ??? ^[13]^[14].

?????? 1965, ?-SDS ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????????? . ?????? ?????? ??? 15,000 ?-20,000 ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ^[13].

?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? , ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?- 4 ???? 1970 , ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?-4 ?????? ?????? ^[15].

???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? 1965 ????? 3,000 ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? 3,300 ???? ???? ?????.

??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ^[16].

?? ???, ????? ?.?. ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ^[17].

?????? 1967 ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? (The Chicago Defender) ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ^[13]. ?????? ??? ???? 3,000 ???, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????-????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ^[18]. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ^[13]. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ^[18].

????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? 1969. ??????? ?????? ?-500,000 ???, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ^[19]^[20]. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?'?? ???? Give Peace a Chance ^[21].

??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? , ?????? 1968, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??. ?????? ?????? 1968, ??? ????? ???? ??? 35% ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?'????? ?????? ????? 50% ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (?-15% ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????). ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? (Vietnam Veterans Against the War), ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?'????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ^[9].

??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?-1968 ?????? ???? ??????. ?'????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? . ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?-10,000 ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ^[9]^[22]. ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ^[22]. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? , ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???'?? ?????? , ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? . ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? "??? ????", ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ^[9].

??????? ???? ???? ???????, ? ????? 1973 , ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? , ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????. ^[^{???? ????
]}

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ????	?????	?????	????? ? ??? ????? , ???? ????????	????? ? ??? ????? , ???? ???? ????????
??? ?? ?? , ? ???? ?? ??? ??????	2 ?????? 1963	?????? ??????????	18 (???? 350)	83 (???? 1,400)
??? ?? ????? , ? ??? ?? ?????	14 ?? 17 ??????? 1965	??? ?????	1,037 (???? 4,000)	234 (???? 495)
??? ???? ?? [1]	18 ?? 19 ??????? 1966	?????? ???????	245 (???? 1,500)	18 (???? 250)
??? ?? ??? ?????? , ????? ????	24 ?????? ?? 9 ???? 1967	?????? ???????	??? ????	??? ????
??? ?? ?? , ????? ????	3 ?? 22 ??????? 1967	?????? ???????	1,455 (???? 6,000)	285 (???? 4,500)
??? ?? ??? , ????? ????	21 ?????? ?? 8 ?????? 1968	?????? ???????	15,000 (???? 20,000)	205 (???? 6,000)
????? ??	30 ?????? ?? 24 ??????? 1968	?????? ???????	35,000 (???? 85,000)	4,324 (???? 50,000)
??? ?????? ??????	31 ?????? ?? 3 ??????? 1968	?????? ???????	??? ????	??? ????
????? ?? 1969 , ????? ?????? ? ?? ????	?????? 1969	?????? ???????	??? ????	??? ????
??? ??????? ??? , ????? ????	10 ?? 20 ???? 1969	?????? ???????	630	70
??? ???????	12 ???? ?? 23 ????? 1970	?????? ???????	??? ????	??? ????
????? ?????????	30 ???? ?? 22 ???????? 1972	?????? ???????	??? ????	??? ????
??? ????? ??? , ?????? ? ??????	9 ?? 20 ?????? 1975	?????? ???? ?????	??? ????	??? ????

???? [1] - ???? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????, ?????? ??? ???????.

????? ??????? ?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????, ?????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? "???? ??????? ??????", ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????.

??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????: ?????? " ???? " (1967), ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-70, ??????? " ??????? ??????? " ?? ?'?? ???? (1968), " ???? ?????? " ?? ????? ?'????? (1978); " ????????? ????? " ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (1979); " ???? " ?? ????? ????? (1978), " ?????? " ?? ?????? ???? (1986) ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????; " ???? ?'??? " ?? ????? ?????? (1987); " ??????? ??? " (1987); " ???? ???, ??????? " (1987);" ????? ?????? " (1989); " ????? ???? " (1994). ? ??? ?-21 ???? ?????? " ?????? ????? " (2002) ?" ????? ?? ????? " (2007).

?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?-60 ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ?'??? ??????? . ?? ?????? ??????? , ????? ?-1969, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? " ???? ", ???? ?-1967, ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? , ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????, ??????, ????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? " ??? ?????? ".

?'?? ???? , ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????: Give Peace a Chance ‏ (1969), Imagine ‏ (1971), Happy Xmas (War Is Over) ‏(1971).

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????, ??? ????? ??? ?????: ???????? ????????? ????????? 1959 - 1973 , ??????, 2006. (???? ?????? ULI)
?? ????, ???? ??? ?????? - ????? ??????? 1946 - 1975 , ????? ??? ????. (???? ?????? ULI)
??? ???? , ???? ??????? (???? ??? ????????? ????? ????). (???? ?????? ULI)
????? ????? , ???? ??????? , (?????: ???? ?????). ????? ????? ????? , 1986. (???? ?????? ULI)
?'? ???, ??????? - ?????? (???????) ??????? ?????? ?? , ??????, 2010. (???? ?????? ULI)
????? ?????, ??????? - ????? 10,000 ????? , ?????? , 1993. (???? ?????? ULI)
??? ?????, ??????? ???? ???????? , ????? ???? , 2021. (???? ?????? ULI)
??? ????????? , ???????: ?????? ????, 1945?1975 , ???????: ??? ???????????, ????? ????, 2021 . (???? ?????? ULI)

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????
?? ????, ? ????? ???? - ?????? ?????? , ?????? 431, ???? 2010, ?????? 40?47
???? ???? , To Vietnam and Back ? The Incredible Story of Howard Goldin, ??? ?' , ??? ?' , ???? " ????? ????????? ", ?????? 2016
???? ???, ? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? , ?????? 481-480, ?????? 2018
??? ???? ????? ??? ??"? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? (???????), 26 ???? 2020
????? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????? ?????, 1961-1975 , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ??? ????-???
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ???? ???? , ??????? ?? ????? ??????? , ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? , ???? ???? ????????? , ????? ???? ????-?????? (?????: ???? ???????, 2000).
^ ??? ?? , ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ???? ???? , 25 ??????? 2006
^ Moise, Edwin E., 1946-, Tonkin Gulf and the escalation of the Vietnam War , Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996, ??' 78
^ ???? ????? , ???? ???, ??????? , ???? ???? , 5 ???? 2004.
^ ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??? ????? , 9 ?????? 2021.
^ SAMUEL C. Y. KU, The Political Economy of Taiwan's Relations with Vietnam (??' 409-405), ‏1999
^ "Vietnam War protests - The Vietnam War" . The Vietnam War (??????? ????????) . ???? ?- 2016-12-18 .
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Vietnam War Protests - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com , HISTORY.com
^ "Goldwater attacks Johnson's Vietnam policy - Sep 22, 1964 - HISTORY.com" . HISTORY.com . ???? ?- 2016-11-04 .
^ ???? ????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? , ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???
^ Say Burgin, Understanding antiwar activism as a gendering activity: A look at the U.S.’s anti-Vietnam War movement , Journal of International Women's Studies 13, 2012, ??' 18-31
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ The Anti-War Movement in the United States , www.english.illinois.edu
^ by Lonnie R. Sherrod (Editor), Constance A. Flanagan (Editor), Ron Kassimir (Editor), Youth Activism: An International Encyclopedia, Volume , Greenwood, 2005, ??' 83
^ Nixon a Presidency Revealed, 2007-02-15 History Channel Director: Joe Angio
^ "Protests against the Vietnam War - History Learning Site" . History Learning Site (??????? ??????) . ???? ?- 2016-12-23 .
^ E. M. Schreiber, Opposition to the Vietnam War among American University Students and Faculty, The British Journal of Sociology Vol. 24, No. 3, ??' 288-302
^ ¹ ² "Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks out against the war - Apr 04, 1967 - HISTORY.com" . HISTORY.com . ???? ?- 2017-01-03 .
^ "Nixon and the 1969 Vietnam Moratorium" . The Nation . ISSN 0027-8378 . ???? ?- 2017-01-03 . (?????? ???? ????, 13.2.2024)
^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1969: Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium , news.bbc.co.uk
^ "Nixon and the 1969 Vietnam Moratorium" . The Nation . ISSN 0027-8378 . ???? ?- 2017-01-13 . (?????? ???? ????, 13.2.2024)
^ ¹ ² AllPolitics - Democratic National Convention , edition.cnn.com

[1] ??? ????-???

[Eyal_N-2] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ???? ???? , ??????? ?? ????? ??????? , ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? , ???? ???? ????????? , ????? ???? ????-?????? (?????: ???? ???????, 2000).

[3] ??? ?? , ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ???? ???? , 25 ??????? 2006

[4] Moise, Edwin E., 1946-, Tonkin Gulf and the escalation of the Vietnam War , Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996, ??' 78

[5] ???? ????? , ???? ???, ??????? , ???? ???? , 5 ???? 2004.

[6] ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??? ????? , 9 ?????? 2021.

[:0-7] SAMUEL C. Y. KU, The Political Economy of Taiwan's Relations with Vietnam (??' 409-405), ‏1999

[8] "Vietnam War protests - The Vietnam War" . The Vietnam War (??????? ????????) . ???? ?- 2016-12-18 .

[war-protests-9] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Vietnam War Protests - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com , HISTORY.com

[10] "Goldwater attacks Johnson's Vietnam policy - Sep 22, 1964 - HISTORY.com" . HISTORY.com . ???? ?- 2016-11-04 .

[11] ???? ????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? , ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???

[12] Say Burgin, Understanding antiwar activism as a gendering activity: A look at the U.S.’s anti-Vietnam War movement , Journal of International Women's Studies 13, 2012, ??' 18-31

[הערה_מספר_20161228051521:0-13] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ The Anti-War Movement in the United States , www.english.illinois.edu

[14] y Lonnie R. Sherrod (Editor), Constance A. Flanagan (Editor), Ron Kassimir (Editor), Youth Activism: An International Encyclopedia, Volume , Greenwood, 2005, ??' 83

[15] Nixon a Presidency Revealed, 2007-02-15 History Channel Director: Joe Angio

[16] "Protests against the Vietnam War - History Learning Site" . History Learning Site (??????? ??????) . ???? ?- 2016-12-23 .

[17] E. M. Schreiber, Opposition to the Vietnam War among American University Students and Faculty, The British Journal of Sociology Vol. 24, No. 3, ??' 288-302

[הערה_מספר_20170104051416:0-18] ¹ ² "Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks out against the war - Apr 04, 1967 - HISTORY.com" . HISTORY.com . ???? ?- 2017-01-03 .

[19] "Nixon and the 1969 Vietnam Moratorium" . The Nation . ISSN 0027-8378 . ???? ?- 2017-01-03 . (?????? ???? ????, 13.2.2024)

[20] BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1969: Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium , news.bbc.co.uk

[21] "Nixon and the 1969 Vietnam Moratorium" . The Nation . ISSN 0027-8378 . ???? ?- 2017-01-13 . (?????? ???? ????, 13.2.2024)

[הערה_מספר_20170201065433:0-22] ¹ ² AllPolitics - Democratic National Convention , edition.cnn.com

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???? ??????? (1955?1980) ?????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? \| ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???"?
???? ?-40	???? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?????-?????????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????-??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????-??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
???? ?-50	????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????-??????? ? ????? ???????
???? ?-60	???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? U-2 ? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ??'?????????
???? ?-70	????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????'?? ? ????? ????????
???? ?-80	???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ???'?? ? ????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ???'? 83 ? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????-??-?? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????-??????
???? ?-90	????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?'????????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ????????
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?????????	?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ? ???"? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ????
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????? ????? ????