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? ?? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? "?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????" ??? ????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? . ???????? ?????????????? ???? ???? , ??????? ? ??????? , ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????.

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? ????? ? ???? ??????? , ??????? ???? ???? , ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? "???????" ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? . ????? ?????? , ????????? , ??'?????? ? ????????? ????? "???????" ?? ????;
??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ? ????????? ;
??? ? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ???? ???????:

miles (???? /miːles/) ? ????
itia- (???? /iːtia/) ? ???, ??????, ?????
militia (???? /mil:iːtia/) ? ????? ????

???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?-19 ?????? ???? ?-20.

???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? " ?????? ????? ", ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?-30 ????? ?? ???? ?-60 ????? ??????????????? ?? ????????; " ???? ?????? ", ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????; " ????? ????? " (????? ??????) ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??"? ????? ?????? ???? ?-50; ?" ????? ?????? ????? ????? " ?????? ?????? ?????"? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?-80. ? ???? ?-90 ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? .

????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????: "????? ????? ????" ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ?"? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? " ????? ???? " ?? ?? ? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??; ^[1] ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? "????? ????" ?????; ^[2] ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????: ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ^[3]^[4] ?"????? ????? ???", ????? ?? ????? ??"? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ^[5]^[6]

?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?"??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????". ^[7]^[8] ???? 2022, ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? "? ???"? ???? ???? 74 ???, ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????". ^[9] ?????? ?????? ?????? ??. ^[10]

???????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? 1 ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? . ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? "???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???-??? ?????? ??? ??????". ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ^[11] ????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? . ^[12]

? ??? ?-19 , ???? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? , " ????? ?????? ????? " ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ???? , ???? ?"?????" ????? ?????????, ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?- 1874 ????? ????? ???? ?? ????, ???? " ????? ????? " ? ????????? , " ??????? ??????? " ? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? " ???? ???? ".

? ??? ?-20 ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ? ???? ?-90 . ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? , ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? , ???? ???? , ???????? , ???"??????? ? ???????????? . ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? " ????? ?????? " (Oath Keepers), ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? " ????? ??????? " (Three Percenters) ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?" ?????? ????? " (Proud Boys) ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ?? ???????? . ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? 2021. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?-15 ?????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? .

???????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? "???????" ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? , ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? , "?????????" (La Resistance), ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ?? ?? ?????????.

???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????

???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?-50 ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?-60. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 1975?1990. ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????: " ????? ???????? " ? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ( ??????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????); " ?????? ???????? ??????? " ? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? (???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? , ????? ?????? ??????????? , ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ? ?????? , ????? ????' , ????? ????? ??????? ?-????? , ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????-??????????? ???????); ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ( ??? , ? ??????? , ???????? ????????? ?-????? ). ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? (???? ????? ??????) ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????. ^[13]

???????? ???-??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ???-?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? (Executive Outcomes), ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? 1989 ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???????? . ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????. ^[14]^[15] ????? ????? ???? 1998 ?? ????? ???? ???? 2020. ^[16]

????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? , ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? , ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[17]^[18] ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 2014 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? , ????? , ??? , ???? , ???? , ???????? ???? ?????? , ??????? ? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ???? ????? . ^[19]^[20]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?.?. ??????, ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? , ?????? 56, ????? 1949

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????

??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ??? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? , ???? ???? , 17 ???? 2022
^ ?? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? , ???? ????, ‏26 ???????? 2022
^ ????? ?????? , ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? , ???? ???? , 7 ???? 2022
^ ???? ????, ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? , ?????? ???? ????? , 18 ?????? 2022
^ ??? ???? , ??????? ????? ????? ???? , ???? ???? , 16 ???? 2022
^ ???? ???? "?????? ?? ???" , ‏10 ???? 2022
^ ???? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ????, ‏12 ???? 2022
^ ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????: ?????? '????? ????' ????? ????? ??"? ????? , ???? ???? ????? ? NRG, ‏15 ??????? 2017
^ ???? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????; ?????: ?? ????? ???????? , ???? ????, ‏12 ???? 2022
^ ???? ???, ??? ????: ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ????, ‏17 ???? 2022
^ "?????? ????"? ???: ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???" , ???? ????, ‏26 ????? 2008
^ ?????? ??? , ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ????? ??? , ???"? 965-512-134-8
^ William L. Ochsenwald, Lebanese Civil War , Britannica, ‏July 19, 2020
^ Bernales B., Enrique, Special Rapporteur, UN. Commission on Human Rights, Report on the question of the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination , UN Digital Library, ‏Jan 17, 1996
^ Khareen Pech, Chapter 5: Executive Outcomes ? A corporate conquest , Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in War-torn African Societies , 1999
^ Albert L, Private Military Contractor Executive Outcomes Revived After 22 Years , Overt Defense, ‏Nov 27, 2020
^ Declan Walsh, Putin’s Shadow Soldiers: How the Wagner Group Is Expanding in Africa , The New York Times, ‏May 31, 2022
^ What is Russia's Wagner Group of mercenaries in Ukraine? , BBC, ‏Oct 2, 2022
^ ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? , ???? ????, ‏24 ??????? 2022
^ Declan Walsh, Russian Mercenaries Are Driving War Crimes in Africa, U.N. Says , The New York Times, ‏June 27, 2021

[1] ??? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? , ???? ???? , 17 ???? 2022

[2] ?? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? , ???? ????, ‏26 ???????? 2022

[3] ????? ?????? , ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? , ???? ???? , 7 ???? 2022

[4] ???? ????, ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? , ?????? ???? ????? , 18 ?????? 2022

[5] ??? ???? , ??????? ????? ????? ???? , ???? ???? , 16 ???? 2022

[6] ???? ???? "?????? ?? ???" , ‏10 ???? 2022

[7] ???? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ????, ‏12 ???? 2022

[8] ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????: ?????? '????? ????' ????? ????? ??"? ????? , ???? ???? ????? ? NRG, ‏15 ??????? 2017

[9] ???? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????; ?????: ?? ????? ???????? , ???? ????, ‏12 ???? 2022

[10] ???? ???, ??? ????: ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ????, ‏17 ???? 2022

[11] "?????? ????"? ???: ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???" , ???? ????, ‏26 ????? 2008

[12] ?????? ??? , ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ????? ??? , ???"? 965-512-134-8

[13] William L. Ochsenwald, Lebanese Civil War , Britannica, ‏July 19, 2020

[14] Bernales B., Enrique, Special Rapporteur, UN. Commission on Human Rights, Report on the question of the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination , UN Digital Library, ‏Jan 17, 1996

[15] Khareen Pech, Chapter 5: Executive Outcomes ? A corporate conquest , Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in War-torn African Societies , 1999

[16] Albert L, Private Military Contractor Executive Outcomes Revived After 22 Years , Overt Defense, ‏Nov 27, 2020

[17] Declan Walsh, Putin’s Shadow Soldiers: How the Wagner Group Is Expanding in Africa , The New York Times, ‏May 31, 2022

[18] What is Russia's Wagner Group of mercenaries in Ukraine? , BBC, ‏Oct 2, 2022

[19] ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? , ???? ????, ‏24 ??????? 2022

[20] Declan Walsh, Russian Mercenaries Are Driving War Crimes in Africa, U.N. Says , The New York Times, ‏June 27, 2021

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