???? ?????

???? ?????
Leslie Francois Saint Roc Manigat
????	16 ??????? 1930 ; ????-??-???? , ?????
?????	27 ????? 2014 (???? 83) ; ????-??-???? , ?????
?????	?????
?????	?????????? ????
?????	?????? ??????????? ?? ?????
?? ???	?????? ?????
	7 ??????? 1988 ? 20 ????? 1988 ; (135 ????)
	→ Henri Namphy Henri Namphy ←

???? ????? (? ?????? : Leslie Francois Saint Roc Manigat ;‏ 16 ??????? 1930 ? 27 ????? 2014 ) ??? ????????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? 1988. ^[1] ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? 1988 ?? ???? 1988, ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? , ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? . ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????: ?? ????? ?? ?????????? , ? ?? ????? .

??????? ??????? ????? 1988 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? (CEP) ??? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?-17 ?????? 1988 ?? 50.29% ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ^[2] ?? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?-10%. ^[3] ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ^[4] ??? ????? ?????? ?-7 ??????? 1988, ????? 1988 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?-20 ????? 1988, ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?-1988. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? 2006, ?? ????, ????? 12.40% ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? .

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?-27 ????? 2014, ???? 83. ^[4]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ? ????-??-???? . ???? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?-1970, ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?-2010. ^[5]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 2004 , ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? 2004.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Une date litteraire, un evenement pedagogique - Essay, Port-au-Prince, 1962
L'Amerique latine au XXe Siecle - ????????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????, 1973

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ "Haiti Ex-President Leslie Manigat Has Died - ABC News" . Abcnews.go.com . ???? ?- 2014-06-27 .
^ "Leslie Manigat, elegido presidente de Haiti" . El Pais (???????). 25 ?????? 1988 . ???? ?- 1 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Country Report: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico , 1988, p21
^ ¹ ² Pace, Eric ( 28 ????? 2014 ). "Leslie Manigat, Overthrown in a Coup in Haiti, Dies at 83" . The New York Times . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )
^ Padgett, Tim (2010-11-15). "Former First Lady Mirlande Manigat Could Be Next Haitian President" . TIME. ????? ?- ????? ?- 19 ??????? 2010 . ???? ?- 2014-06-27 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[1] "Haiti Ex-President Leslie Manigat Has Died - ABC News" . Abcnews.go.com . ???? ?- 2014-06-27 .

[2] "Leslie Manigat, elegido presidente de Haiti" . El Pais (???????). 25 ?????? 1988 . ???? ?- 1 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[3] Country Report: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico , 1988, p21

[:0-4] ¹ ² Pace, Eric ( 28 ????? 2014 ). "Leslie Manigat, Overthrown in a Coup in Haiti, Dies at 83" . The New York Times . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )

[5] Padgett, Tim (2010-11-15). "Former First Lady Mirlande Manigat Could Be Next Haitian President" . TIME. ????? ?- ????? ?- 19 ??????? 2010 . ???? ?- 2014-06-27 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

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