???? ?????

???? ?????
Laurent-Desire Kabila
????	27 ??????? 1939 ; ???? ????? ????? ??????
????	16 ?????? 2001 (???? 61) ; ??????? , ????????? ????????? ?? ?????
?????	????????? ????????? ?? ?????
???? ?????	???????
?????	?????????? ??? ?-???? ; ?????????? ????? ; ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ;
?????	Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo , Parti de la revolution du peuple , ????????? ?????
?? ?? ?? ???	Sifa Mahanya
	16 ???? 1997 ? 16 ?????? 2001 ; (3 ????)
	→ ?????? ??? ??? ?'??? ????? ←
	????? ????? ?PPR. ; ????? ????? ?ADFL.
????? ??????
	????? ?????? ?? ????

????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????

???? ????? ????? (? ?????? : Laurent-Desire Kabila ,‏ 27 ??????? 1939 ? 16 ?????? 2001 ) ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? , ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? , ???? ?????? ?????? ?- 1997 . ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? 16 ?????? 2001. ??? ?'??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????.

???? ??????? (1939?1960) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?-1939 ???? ???? ?????? ????? (Katanga) ? ????? ?????? , ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? 1952, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? (Ankuro). ???? 1958 ???? ??'?? ????? ?? ??????? (Kamalundu) ?? ??? ??????? ????????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? (??? ??????) ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ???? 1960 ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????, ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? , ????? ????? ??????? ????????? (Balubakat). ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ???? . ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? , ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?-???? , ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?- CIA . ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???.

??????? ???????? ?? ????? (1960?1997) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ?????

?- 30 ????? 1960 ????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????? . ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? , ??????? ????? ?-100 ??? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ?????? (????, ?????, ??, ????). ?- 5 ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? , ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?'??? ??? ???? .

???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???"? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? . ???"? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??, ???"? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???.

????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? "??? ????" ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????. ??????? 1962 , ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? (Ferdinand Tumba).

?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??, ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?????.

??????? 1963 ????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??????. ?????? 1964 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (Gaston Soumialot) ????????? ?????? (Chrisophe Gbenye), ???? ???? ?-NCL (?????? ??????? ?????), ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

???? 1964, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'????? ??????? (Jason Sendwe) ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? (Simba Rebellion). ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???????? (Holoholo) ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? , ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????.

?????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? (Stanleyville, ??????? ?? ?????) ? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? 1964 ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??.

???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? , ???? ? ?????? . ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????.

?- 24 ?????? 1965 ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? (Supreme Council of the Revolution).

?????? ?? ?????? 1965 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?'? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ????????, ????????? ????????? (????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????) ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??.

???? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?- 1966 . ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ??????? 1967 ? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????: ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? (the Party of the Popular Revolution (PPR. ????? PPR ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? "???? ?????" ????? ?? ??????. ????? PPR ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????, ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????.

??? ??????? ?? ????? PPR, ????? ????? ? ??? ?-???? ????????, ????? ?? ????? ????. ???? 1971 ????? ?? ?????? , ???? ??? ??? ?'??? ????? - ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? (Zaire).

????? ?-70 ????????, ????? ????? ?-PPR ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? 1988 ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? (PPR) ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????? , ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? . ????? ????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? - Aliance of Democratic Forces of Liberation, (?"?: ADFL). ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??: ?????? ?????? (Ngandu Kisase) - ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? , ???? ?????? (Massassu Nindaga) ?????????? ?????? (Deogratias Bugera) ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????.

?- 31 ???????? 1996 , ?????? ?? ????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? (Guma) -????? ???????? ????? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????? ???????

?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ????? , ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. (????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????).

????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

?????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (????? ???? ????? - ??????? 1996 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??) ?? ??? ??, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ???? 1996 ???? ????? ????? ??????? .

????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?? ????, ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? .

?????? (1997?2001) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???"?, ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?- 17 ???? 1997 , ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????.

?????? ??????, ????? ????? ? ??????? , ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? - ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? . ?????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????.

????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? (???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????), ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??.

????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???"? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?-100,000 ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ???, ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? (??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????). ?????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????.

??? ?? ??, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? (???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????). ?????? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???"? ????? ????? (?? ?? ???"?, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? 250 ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????). ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????

????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? 1998 ????????? ????????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? 9 ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??? 2008 ?-5.4 ?????? ?????, ?????? ? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ???????? , ????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? 2003, ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??.

???? 1998 ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????: ?????? ?- 14 ????? 1998 ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????"? ??????? ?'???? ??????? (James Kabarebe). ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? (Celestin Kipowah). ???? ????????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?-24 ????.

?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????????' (Banyamulenge). ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? 1998. ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????. ?????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????.

????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (Kinshasa). ???? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????? , ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??.

?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 1999, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????.

??????? ????? (2001) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 16 ?????? 2001 , ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? (Pala de marbara) ????????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? (????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????). ????? ??? ????? ????? 11 ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????. ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?- 18 ?????? 2001.

????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? , ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ? ?? ???'??? ? ?????? .

???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ?'??? ????? , ??? ?? ???? ?????. ?'??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????. ?'??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????. ?'??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2019.

??? ????, ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????: ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? , ??? ?????. ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????"? ????, ????? ???? ??????. ???? 2002 ???? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???.

??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Christensen, C. (2004). Political Victims and Media Focus: The Killings of Laurent Kabila , Zoran Djinjic, Anna Lindh and Pim Fortuyn. Journal of Crime, Conflict and the Media , 1 , 23-40.
Herp, M. V., Parque, V., Rackley, E., & Ford, N. (2003). Mortality, violence and lack of access to healthcare in the Democratic Republic of Congo . Disasters , 27 (2), 141-153.
Montague, D. (2002). Stolen goods: Coltan and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sais Review , 22 (1), 103-118.
Ngolet, F. (2010). Crisis in the Congo: the rise and fall of Laurent Kabila . Springer.
Reyntjens, F. (2001). Briefing: The Democratic Republic of Congo, from Kabila to Kabila. African Affairs , 100 (399), 311-317.
Schatzberg, M. G. (1997). Beyond Mobutu: Kabila and the Congo. Journal of Democracy , 8 (4), 70-84.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????????

???? ????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)