???????? ???"??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ???, ????? ?? ????????? ????"??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????"??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

?? ????, ???? ????????? ????"??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????.

???? ???? "???? ?????" ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? 800 ??? , ??1000 ??? ??? 1500 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ( ??????? 1928 ). ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????.

? ?????????? ????'??? (2008) ?????? 15 ???????? ??"??? ???? ????? (13 ???? ??2 ?????) ???? 10,708 ???????? (0.14%). ????? ???? ???? ???'? ????????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????.

? ?????????? ?????? (2012) ?????? 23 ???????? ??"??? ???? ?????, ??? 2 ?????? ??1 ????????? (20 ???? ??3 ?????) ???? 10,768 ???????? (0.21%).

? ?????????? ??? ?? ?'????? (2016) ?????? 62 ???????? ??"??? ???? ????? (51 ???? ??13 ?????) ???? 10,444 ???????? (0.59%).

? ?????????? ????? (2020) ?????? ??? ?? 182 ???????? ???"??? ???? ????? ???? 11,656 ???????? (1.56%), ???? ??? ???????????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????'????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ???, ??? ????? , ?????'???, ?-?????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ????"??? ?? 14 ?? ?????, ??????? ??????????? (7.7%).

??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. "????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ... ?? ????? ?? ???. ?? ????? ???? ?????", ????? ???? ?'????? ( ??' ) . ^[1]

??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

     ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????
????? ????? ??????????

?????????? ??????? (1928) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ???	??????? ???????	?????	11 ? 400 ??? ?????	????? ?????????? ?????
	???? ????	?????? ??????	???????	??? ??? ? ???? 800 ???	??? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ????. ???? 1935 ????? ????? ?? 18 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? 175 ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? (1941?1945).

?????????? ??? ???'?? (1932) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	???? ?????????	????? ????? ????? ?????	???????	? ???? 80 ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????	???????? ??? ??? ( ??' ) ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????.
	???????? ???????'	????? ?????	???????	? ???? 100 ???	???????' ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? .
	???? ????	?????? ??????	???????	9 ? ???? 800 ??? 4 ? ?????? 4x400 ???	??? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ????. ???? 1935 ????? ????? ?? 18 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? 175 ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? (1941?1945).

?????????? ????? (1936) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	??? ??????	????? ????? ????? ?????	???????	? ???? 100 ??? ? ???? ?????? 4x100 ???	??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????
	???????? ???????'	????? ?????	???????	? ???? 100 ???	???????' ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? .

?????????? ?????? (1956) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	???? ???????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	9 ? 400 ??? ?????	????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????"?.

?????????? ??????? ?'????? (1956) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ???????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ?? ????	? ??????

?????????? ????? (1964) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	???? ???????????	?'????????? ?'?????????	???????	? ???? ?????? 4x100 ??? ? ???? 100 ???	???? 1967 "?????" ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? X ??? ?????. ??"??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? XX/XXY. ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? (1968) , ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? X .
	????? ??? ( ??' )	???? ????	?????	7 ? ?????? 4x100 ??? ????? 5 ? 100 ??? ????? 10 ? 200 ??? ?????	???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????

?????????? ???????? (1964) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	??????? ????	?'????????? ?'?????????	????? ?? ????	22 ? ??????	??? ???? ???? 38 ???? 1989 ? ?????? , ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ?????

?????????? ?????? ???? (1968) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ?????-????	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???????	? ??????? ??????? ? ??????	???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? 2012. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? 590 ??? ????
	????? ??? ( ??' )	???? ????	?????	? ?????? 4x100 ??? ????? 4 ? 100 ??? ????? 10 ? 200 ??? ?????	???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
	??? ????	????? ????? ????? ?????	???????	6 ? ??? ???	????? " ??????? ????? " ?????? ??????? ? ?? ???????? (1982) . ???? ????? ? ????? ???? 1987.

?????????? ?????? (1968) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	??????? ????	?'????????? ?'?????????	????? ?? ????	8 ? ??????	??? ???? ???? 38 ???? 1989 ? ?????? , ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ?????

?????????? ????? (1972) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ?????-????	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???????	? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ?????? ? ????	???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? 2012. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? 590 ??? ????
	???? ?'?????	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	4 ? 100 ??? ???	??? ?????? ???? 1994 ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????: "??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????."
	??????? ?'??	????? ????? ????? ?????	???????	10 ? ??? ???	????? 2015 ???? ?'?? ?? ??? ???? ?????'????? .
	??? ???????	????? ?????	?????	18 ? 200 ??? ????? 11 ? ?????? 4x100 ??? ????? 10 ? ?????? 4x200 ??? ?????
	???? ?????? ( ??' )	???? ????	????? ????	14 ? ????? 3 ??? 27 ? ????? 10 ???	??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???.

?????????? ?????? (1972) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	?'????????? ?'?????????	????? ?? ????	? ??????	??? ???? ???? 38 ???? 1989 ? ?????? , ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ?????
	?'?? ????	??????? ???????	????? ?? ????	10 ? ??????	??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ?" ???? " ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? . ???? 1987 ????? ???? HIV , ???? 1991 ??? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??15 ?????? 1994 ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? .
	???? ??????? ( ??' )	???? ????	????? ?? ????	9 ? ??????	???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????

?????????? ????????? (1976) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	??????? ?'??	????? ????? ????? ?????	???????	? ??? ???	????? 2015 ???? ?'?? ?? ??? ???? ?????'????? .
	??? ??????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ????	? ????? 10 ???	??1994 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???, ??1995, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? HIV , ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? 1988.
	???????? ???? ( ??' )	???? ????	??????	5	??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? 2008
	??? ????? ( ??' )	???? ????	??????	8	????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????????.
	???? ?????? ( ??' )	???? ????	????? ????	16 ? ????? 3 ??? 17 ? ????? 10 ???	??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???.

?????????? ???????? (1976) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	?'?? ????	??????? ???????	????? ?? ????	? ??????	??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ?" ???? " ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? . ???? 1987 ????? ???? HIV , ???? 1991 ??? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??15 ?????? 1994 ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? .
	???? ??????? ( ??' )	???? ????	????? ?? ????	? ??????	???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????
	???? ?????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ?? ????	5 ? ?????	??? ?????? ???? 2006

?????????? ???? ?????? (1980) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ???? ( ??' )	???? ????	????? ?? ????	12 ? ??????	??? ???? ???? 32 ???? 1992 ? ????? . ???? ??????? ( ??' ) ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???.

?????????? ??? ???'?? (1984) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	???? ????	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	? ?????? 4x200 ??? ?????	???? 1990 ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? , ????. ???? 1992 ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? "????? ?????" ?? ABC ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????????.
	??? ??????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ????	? ????? 3 ??? ? ????? 10 ???	??1994 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???, ??1995, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? HIV , ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? 1988.
	????? ?????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	? ???????	?????? ??? ????? ?????
	?????? ?????	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???????	6 ? ??? ???	????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ????? ( ??' ) .
	???? ????? ( ??' )	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???????	7 ? ???? ?????	???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????? ????? .
	??? ?????? ( ??' )	???? ????	???????	16 ? ???? 3000 ??? ???????	?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? 1992, ???? 39.
	????? ????	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	6 ? ?????? ?????' 17 ? ????	??? ?????? ????? ???? 1988 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????????? ?????? (1984) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ?????	???? ????	????? ??????? ?? ????	? ??????	??????? 1998 ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???, ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????.
	????? ??????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ??????? ?? ????	5 ? ??????	?????? 2013 ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???'? (2014) ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????"? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ????"??? ??????? ????????, ???????? ???????
	????? ??'??? ( ??' )	???? ????	????? ??????? ?? ????	8 ? ????? ?????	??? "??? ????" ???? ????. ???? 1990, ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? 1991 ???? 33.
	??? ???? ?????' ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????? ?????	24 ? 500 ??? 20 ? 1000 ???

?????????? ????? (1988) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	??? ??????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ????	? ????? 3 ??? ? ????? 10 ???	??1994 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???, ??1995, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? HIV , ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? 1988.
	???? ???????	???? ????	?????	? ?????? 4x100 ??? ????? 5 ? 100 ??? ??	???? 1998 ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? "?????????? ???? ???? ?????". ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????"? ????? ?????? ????.
	???? ???????	?'????????? ?'?????????	????	? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??????	???? ?????? ?????? ???? 1991 ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? .
	????? ???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	?????	???? 6 ? ??????
	????? ????	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	6 ? ?????? ?????' 13 ? ????	??? ?????? ????? ???? 1988 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
	?? ????'	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	7 ? 200 ??? ??	???? ???? ??????? ? ?? ???????? , ????? ????? ??? ?????
	??? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	9 ? ??????? ?????
	????? ?'???	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ????	12 ? ????? 10 ???	??? ?????? ???? 1996, ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.
	?????? ?????	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???????	14 ? ??? ???	????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ????? ( ??' ) .
	???? ????? ( ??' )	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???????	14 ? ???? ?????	???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????? ????? .
	????? ???? ( ??' )	???? ????	???????	17 ? ????? ?????	???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? 1994 ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ( ??' ) , ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.
	????? ???'???? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????? ????	18 ? ????? 10 ???
	???? ????? ( ??' )	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???? ???????	?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????	???? 1996 ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? . ?? ????? ???? 2011.

?????????? ????? (1988) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ??????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ??????? ?? ????	? ??????	?????? 2013 ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???'? (2014) ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????"? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ????"??? ??????? ????????, ???????? ???????
	????? ?????	???? ????	????? ??????? ?? ????	? ??????	??????? 1998 ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???, ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????.
	????? ??'??? ( ??' )	???? ????	????? ??????? ?? ????	? ????? ?????	??? "??? ????" ???? ????. ???? 1990, ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? 1991 ???? 33.
	??? ???? ?????' ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????? ?????	14 ? 500 ??? 15 ? 1000 ??? 20 ? 1500 ???

?????????? ??????? (1992) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	???? ???????	???? ????	?????	? 100 ??? ?? ? ?????? 4x100 ??? ?????	???? 1998 ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? "?????????? ???? ???? ?????". ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????"? ????? ?????? ????.
	???? ????? ( ??' )	?????? ??????	???? ???????	? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????? 28 ? ???? ????? ????	???? 1996 ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? . ?? ????? ???? 2011.
	?'??'? ???????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????	? ????? ????
	????' ???? ( ??' )	??? ????? ??? ?????	?????	? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ????
	???? ???? ( ??' )	???? ????	??????	? ?? 63.5 ?"?	???? 1994, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? "For the Love of the Game" , ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???"?.
	????'??? ??????	???? ????	????	? ????? ???? 5 ? ??????
	?????? ?????	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????	???????	? ??? ???	????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ????? ( ??' ) .
	?????? ?? ??? ( ??' )	????? ?????	?'???	? ?? 72 ?"?
	????? ????	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	? ?????? ?????' 22 ? ????	??? ?????? ????? ???? 1988 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
	???? ???????	?'????????? ?'?????????	????	5 ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??????	???? ?????? ?????? ???? 1991 ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? .
	?????? ???? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???? ???	5	???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?'??? ( ??' ) ?????? ??2005, ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????, ?? (2007) ????? (2008). [2]
	????? ?'??? ( ??' )	????? ?????	???? ???	6	???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) ????????? ??2005, ????? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????, ?? (2007) ????? (2008). [2]
	???? ???? ( ??' )	??????? ???????	?????	7 ? ?????? 16 ? ????
	????? ???'???? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????? ????	12 ? ????? 10 ???	???? ???? ???? ????? [3]

?????????? ???????? (1992) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	??? ???? ?????' ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????? ?????	13 ? 1000 ??? 20 ? 500 ??? 30 ? 1500 ???
	?'??? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	???????	64 ? ?????? [4]	??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. [5] ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) .

?????????? ??????? (1994) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	????? ??????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ??????? ?? ????	6 ? ??????	?????? 2013 ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???'? (2014) ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????"? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ????"??? ??????? ????????, ???????? ???????
	??? ???? ?????' ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????? ?????	8 ? 500 ??? 26 ? 1000 ??? 30 ? 1500 ???
	?'??? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	???????	17 ? ???? 52 ? ?????? 8 ? ??????	??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. [5] ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) .
	???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ?????	23 ? 1000 ???	??????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ??????? ??????

?????????? ?????? (1996) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	?????? ??????????	???? ????	???????	? ????	??? ?????? ???? 1996
	????' ???? ( ??' )	??? ????? ??? ?????	?????	? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????
	?'??'? ???????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????	? ????? ????
	???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????? ????		???? 2005 ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ???? 2011 ?? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? 2017
	???? ?????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	??????
	????? ?????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	??????
	?????? ???? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???? ???		???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?'??? ( ??' ) ?????? ??2005, ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????, ?? (2007) ????? (2008). [2]
	????? ???????	???????? ????????	?????	? 1500 ??? ????? ? 200 ??? ????? ? 400 ??? ????? 4 ? 4x200 ??? ?????	??? ?????? ????? ???? 2010
	???? ???????	?'????????? ?'?????????	????	? ????? ???? ? ??????	???? ?????? ?????? ???? 1991 ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? .
	???? ???? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???? ???????	? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????
	????? ?????	?????? ??????	???? ???????	? ????? ????? ????? ? ???????	???? 1996 ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ( ??' ) . ?? ????? ???? 2011.
	????'??? ??????	???? ????	????	? ????? ???? 5 ? ??????
	???? ??? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	?????? ?????		???? 2008 ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????
	???? ???? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	? ?????? 8 ? ????
	????? ????	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	? ?????? ?????' 25 ? ????	??? ?????? ????? ???? 1988 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
	????? ?'??? ( ??' )	????? ?????	???? ???		???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) ????????? ??2005, ????? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????, ?? (2007) ????? (2008). [2]
	????? ?????	???????? ????????	?????? ????		???? ?????? ?????? ???? 1999
	???? ?????? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	?????? ????		???? ?????? ?????? ???? 2005
	????? ???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	?????	4 ? ??????? ?????
	??????? ?????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ????	6 ? ????? 10 ???	??? ?????? ????? ???? 1996 ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.
	??? ????????	?????? ??????	?????? ????	6	???? 2010 ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????.
	?????? ?????	?????? ??????	???????	7 ? ??? ???	????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ????? ( ??' ) .
	????-???? ???????? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???????	8 ? ????? ??????	???? 2000 ?????? ???? ?????. [6]
	???'????? ????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	?'???	7 ? ??? 72 ?"?	????? ? ???????? . ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????.
	????? ?'???	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ????	9 ? ????? 10 ???	??? ?????? ???? 1996, ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.
	?'??? ?????? ( ??' )	?????? ??????	????? ????	14 ? ????? 10 ??? 20 ? ????? 3 ???
	????? ?????????	?????? ??????	???????	15 ? ????? ?????	?????????? ?????. ?????? 2011 ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????.
	??? ????? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????	?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????	???? ?????? ???? 2006 ??????.

?????????? ????? (1998) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????	??	?????	??? ?????	????	?????/????? ??????
	???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ?????	? 1000 ??? ? 1500 ??? 10 ? 500 ???	??????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ( ???' ) , ?????? ??????? ??????
	???? ???? ?????? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???????	? ??? ?????	????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ( ??' ) ?????? ??? ??? ????.
	???? ????? ( ??' )	???? ????	???? ???		???? 1994 ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? .
	??? ???? ?????' ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????? ?????	14 ? 1000 ??? 20 ? 500 ???
	????? ?????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	????? ?????	20 ? 1000 ??? 24 ? 500 ???

?????????? ????? (2000) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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	???? ?'???	???????? ????????	?????	? 400 ??? ????? ? ?????? 4x100 ??? ????? ? ?????? 4x200 ??? ????? ? 200 ??? ????? ? ?????? 4x100 ??? ?????	??? ?????? ????? ????? 2014 ?????? ?????????.
	???? ??? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	?????? ?????		???? 2008 ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????
	???? ?????? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	?????? ????		???? ?????? ?????? ???? 2005
	???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????? ????		???? 2005 ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ???? 2011 ?? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? 2017
	????? ?????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	??????		??2000 ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ( ??' ) ????? ????
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	?????? ???? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???? ???		???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?'??? ( ??' ) ?????? ??2005, ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????, ?? (2007) ????? (2008). [2]
	????? ???????	???????? ????????	?????	? ?????? 4x200 ??? ????? (??? ???? ????????)	??? ?????? ????? ???? 2010
	???? ???? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???? ???????	? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????? 4 ? ?????? ????? ????? ????????
	????? ??????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	?????	? ?????? ?????' 9 ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????	???? ????
	????? ?????????	?????? ??????	???????	? ????? ?????	?????????? ?????. ?????? 2011 ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????.
	????? ???????	????? ?????	?????	? ?????? 4x200 ??? ????? 12 ? 50 ??? ????? 18 ? 100 ??? ?????	??? ?????? ????? ???? 2004
	????? ?'??? ( ??' )	????? ?????	???? ???		???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) ????????? ??2005, ????? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????, ?? (2007) ????? (2008). [2]
	???? ?????	?????? ??????	?????? ????
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	???? ???? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	? ?????? 15 ???????? ????
	????? ????	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????	? ?????? ?????' 23 ? ????	??? ?????? ????? ???? 1988 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
	??????? ?????	????? ????? ????? ?????	????? ????	4 ? ????? ????????? ????? 3 ??? 7 ? ????? ????????? ????? 10 ??? 9 ? ????? 10 ???	??? ?????? ????? ???? 1996 ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.
	????? ?????	?????? ??????	???? ???????	4 ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? 7 ? ??? ????? ????? ????	???? 1996 ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ( ??' ) . ?? ????? ???? 2011.
	???? ???	???????? ????????	????? ????	5 ? ????? ????????? ????? 10 ??? 8 ? ????? 10 ???	??? ? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? [7] ????? [8] ?????'???, [9] ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????.
	?????? ?????	?????? ??????	???????	5 ? ??? ???	????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ????? ( ??' ) .
	???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	???? ???????	5 ? ??? ????? ?? ???????
	???? ??????	???? ????	????	5 ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??????	??1999 ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? , ????? ????? ????? ???? "??? ???". ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? .
	????' ???? ( ??' )	??? ????? ??? ?????	?????	5 ? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????????? ????
	????? ??????? ( ??' )	?????? ??????	???????	6 ? ????? ????	??????? 2007 ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? .
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	???'????? ????? ( ??' )	????? ?????	?'???	7 ? 78 ?"?	????? ? ???????? . ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????.
	????-???? ???????? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	???????	8 ? ????? ??????	???? 2000 ?????? ???? ?????. [6]
	???? ???? ( ??' )	??????? ???????	?????	8 ? ?????? 31 ? ????
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	???? ????? ( ??' )	?????? ??????	???? ???????	30 ? ???? ????? ????	???? 1996 ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? . ?? ????? ???? 2011.
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	??? ????? ( ??' )	???????? ????????	????	????? ??? ? ????? ????	???? ?????? ???? 2006 ??????.
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?????????? ???? ???? ???? (2002) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ????? (2004) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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	???? ?'???	???????? ????????	?????	? 200 ??? ????? ? ?????? 400 ??? ????? ? ?????? 4x200 ??? ????? ? 100 ??? ?????	??? ?????? ????? ????? 2014 ?????? ?????????.
	???? ????? ( ??' )	????? ????? ????? ?????	?????? ????		???? 2005 ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ???? 2011 ?? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? 2017
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	????? ?????	?????? ??????	???? ???????	? ???? ????? ???? 11 ? ??? ????? ?????	???? 1996 ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ( ??' ) . ?? ????? ???? 2011.
	???? ??????	???? ????	????	? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ????	??1999 ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? , ????? ????? ????? ???? "??? ???". ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? .
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?????????? ?????? (2006) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ????'??? (2008) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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?????????? ?????? (2012) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ???'? (2014) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ??? ?? ?'????? (2016) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ??????'??? (2018) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ????? (2020) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ?????'?????? ??????????????? ??????
• ??????? ?????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?????? :
	????? ???"?

• Rex Wockner, Sports: Out Gays Win Olympic medals , September 1, 2004 (???????)
• by Jim Buzinski, These aren't the Gay Games , September 5, 2005 (???????)
• By MATT HENNIE, Out Olympians add to medal tally , August 29, 2008 (???????)
• by Jim Buzinski, 20 openly gay and lesbian athletes at 2012 London Summer Olympics , July 18, 2012 (???????)
• Cyd Zeigler, Over 100 LGBT Athletes Have Competed In Summer Olympic Games , July 26, 2012 (???????)
• By Matthew Baniak and Ian Jobling, Homosexuality and the Olympic Movement , 2014 (???????)
• ???? ????-????, ????? ????"? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? , ???? ???? ????? , 8 ??????? 2021
• Gay & Bisexual Athletes who Played in Tokyo Summer Olympics , ????? ???? ?????? (????: 5:50) , 9 ??????? 2021 (???????)
• Olympic Equestrians

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