???? ?????? (?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ) ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? . ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 100 ??2,000 ????????? .

???? ???????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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????? ?????? ????? (??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????) ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? - ???? ?? ??? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? "?????" ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ??, ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?" ???? ????? ".

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?? - ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????, ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? (??? ???? ? ???????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ), ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? (?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ????) ?? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? , ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??????? ????.

??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????, ??? 26 ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? . ??? ??, ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????.

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????-??? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? , ????.

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????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? . ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??20 ?? 50 ????? ?????? . ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???, ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????.

??? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????; ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????? (??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????) ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?"??????" ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? - ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? .

????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? - ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? , ?? ??? ????? ??? - ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????: ???? "???????" ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? , ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? - ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? . ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????; ?????? ??, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? .

???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????: ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???-???????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????.

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? ????? " ??? ????? " - ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????; ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? 30?65 ?????????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 3 ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? 370 ??????? ????.

???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? "???? ????". ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????; ????? ?? ????? ?"???? ????????" (stadium effect). ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.

?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ? ???-???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????: " ????????? ????? " ?" ????????? ????? ". ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????; ??? ????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? (?????-????-?????-???) ?? ??????; ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????.

?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ? ???? ???? ?????????. ?????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? (????? ???????, ????????? ????? ??????? ?????). ????, ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ^[1] (????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ), ???? ???? ?????? (????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????) ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? (???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????). ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??-????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ????. ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???: ???? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? , ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? . ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.

?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? 50 ?-200 ????'??? ( ${\displaystyle 10^{18}}$ ?'???) ????, ???? ????? ?- ${\displaystyle 10^{15}}$ ??? . ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?-70 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??-200 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 10 ?????? ?? 20 ????.

?????? ??????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ??? ??????? . ?????, ????? ?????????-??? ?? ????? ?? ????? (??????) ??? ???? (?????) ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? (????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???), ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ???, ?????? ???????? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?"????? ?????????? ?????", ${\displaystyle v_{p}}$, ???? ???? ??????:

${\displaystyle v_{p}^{2}={\frac {C_{k}}{C_{d}}}{\frac {T_{s}-T_{0}}{T_{0}}}\Delta k}$

???? ${\displaystyle T_{s}}$ ??? ???????? ??? ???, ${\displaystyle T_{0}}$ ??? ???????? ???????????, ${\displaystyle \Delta k}$ ??? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ${\displaystyle C_{k}}$ ?? ${\displaystyle C_{d}}$ ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????, ??????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ${\displaystyle \Delta k=k_{s}^{*}-k}$ ???? ${\displaystyle k_{s}^{*}}$ ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? (????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? 100%) ?? ${\displaystyle k}$ ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? (???? ???? ?? ??? ???).

?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? (????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????), ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? (?????? ??????????? ??????) ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ${\displaystyle \Delta k}$.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? (?????????? ??????) ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ?????

${\displaystyle W_{in}=W_{out}}$

??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ${\displaystyle W_{out}}$, ???

${\displaystyle W_{out}=C_{d}\rho |u|^{3}}$

???? ${\displaystyle \rho }$ ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ${\displaystyle |u|}$ ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????.

??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???, ${\displaystyle W_{in}}$, ???

${\displaystyle W_{in}=\epsilon Q_{in}}$

???? ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$ ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{in}}$ ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????, ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????

${\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {T_{s}-T_{0}}{T_{s}}}}$

??? (????????) ?????? ??? ???? ??????

${\displaystyle k=C_{p}T+L_{v}q}$

???? ${\displaystyle C_{p}}$ ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ${\displaystyle T}$ ??? ???????? ??????, ${\displaystyle L_{v}}$ ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ${\displaystyle q}$ ??? ????? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? (sensible heat) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ${\displaystyle Q_{in:k}}$, ???

${\displaystyle Q_{in:k}=C_{k}\rho |u|\Delta k}$

???? ${\displaystyle \Delta k=k_{s}^{*}-k}$ ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? (????? ?- ${\displaystyle W_{out}}$) ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.

${\displaystyle Q_{in:friction}=C_{d}\rho |u|^{3}}$

?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???

${\displaystyle W_{in}={\frac {T_{s}-T_{0}}{T_{s}}}(C_{k}\rho |u|\Delta k+C_{d}\rho |u|^{3})}$

???? ${\displaystyle W_{in}=W_{out}}$ ?- ${\displaystyle |u|\approx v}$ (????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????; ????? ??????? ????) ?????? ?????? ?? ${\displaystyle v_{p}}$ ?????? ?????.

?????????? ??????: ????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? . ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ???????? (????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????) ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? " ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? " ( ??' ) ; ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????; ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? , ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? (????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????). "??? ????? ????????? ???????????" ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????? ???? ????) ??? ????????? ?????????, ????. ?????, ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? "?????" ?? ????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ${\displaystyle M}$ ???? ??????:

${\displaystyle M={\frac {1}{2}}fr^{2}+vr}$

???? ${\displaystyle f}$ ??? ????? ???????? , ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? , r ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? (?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????) ?- v ??? ???? ??????? ?????? (?????? ??????) ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ${\displaystyle M}$ ???? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ( ${\displaystyle f=0}$), ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?-5° ?? ???? ??? ??????.

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????-???????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????-?????? ??? ??? ???????????; ????? ??? ?????? , ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? (??? ?? ????? ?? ????? "???? ???"). ?????? ???? ?????????, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? (?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????). ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ? ????? ???????.

????? ???????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????: ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????.

• ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??17 ????? ? ????? .
• ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ??? 17 ????? ?????? ????? ??33 ????? ??????.
• ???? ?????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 33 ????? ?????? ??:
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? (????? ??? ??????) ?????? ?????? ?????? .
  • ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? .
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  • ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? "???? ???????? ?????".
  • ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.

???????? ??????? (??? ????? ???? ?????? ???) ? ???? ????? ??????? . ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? 1 ??5, ???? 1 ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?-5 ????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????.

?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? 1979 , ?????, ???? ?-2016, ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????.

???? ????????? ???????? 2005 ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. ????? ????????? ??????? ??? 28 ????? ??????? (???), 15 ????? ?????? ??????? (???) ?????? 7 ??? ????? ?? ??????? 3 ?????. ? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 882 ?????? (???) ?????? ????? ?? 295 ??"? . ????? ????????? ???? 2280 ????? (????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ), ????? ??? ?? ?-120 ??????? ???? (???).

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? 1953 ?????? ?????? ???????? (????? ?????) ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ? ?????? ?????? (ABC), ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ?? 1979 ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ??? ??? 21 ???? ^[2] , ????? 126 ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????, ????? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??21 ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ( ???? , ??? , ??? ???').

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? 1686 ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????.

????'?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ??' ) ???? ? ??? ??????? , ??? ?? ? ?????? ?? 1831 ( ??' ) ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ?- 1838 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?-"An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms by Means of Facts" ?????? ????? ???? ?? "The Progress of the Development of the Law of Storms and of the Variable Winds".

???? ????????? ( ??' ) ??? ? ?????? ?- 1833 ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ?-1838 ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? "???? ??????". ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? "??????" ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

??? ???? 2023 ???? ????? ????? ???????? " ??????? " ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????.

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