????-??

???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ^[1] ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ^[2].

????-?? (? ?????? : apex predator ) ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? , ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ^[3], ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ^[4]. ????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? , ??? ??????? ???? ?? ? ??? , ???????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? , ?????? ???? ??????-??.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????-?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????-?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

?????-?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????? (????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? 70% ??? ), ?? ?? ???? ?? ????. ??????: ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ^[5], ?? ????? ?????-?? ???????????? ?? ?? ????????????? . ?? ????? ????? , ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????-??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????.

?????-??? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (????? ???), ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????-??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 4 ^[6]. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????-?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????-?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????-?? ?????, ????: ????? ?????? ????? , ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? , ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? , ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???.

??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????-?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? , ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????-?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? , ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???.

??????? ??????-?? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ??????, ??????? ? ??????? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? , ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ? ???? , ??? ?????? ????? , ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? , ??? ???? , ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????-??.

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????-?? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ? ?????? , ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? , ????-??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????-???. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? (????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????), ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ^[7]^[8].

?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???-??? ( Micropterus dolomieu ), ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????-??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ^[9]. ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????-?? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????-??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ^[10].

???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????-?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????, ? ???? ?????? ??????? . ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ?-1995, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ????????? ????? ????? , ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? - ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? , ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ^[11]. ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? . ??????, ??????? ? ????? ???? , ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ^[12]^[13]. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ^[14]. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[15]. ????? ????? ?????, ????? ? ??? , ? ???? , ???? , ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ^[16].

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ???????? :

????? ?? ?????? :

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ "Saltwater Crocodile." National Geographic . Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ Whiting, Frances. "Terri fights to halt croc eggs harvest." Australia Zoo . 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ "apex predator" . PBS . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .
^ "predator" . Online Etymological Dictionary . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .
^ Archer, Michael. "Slime Monsters Will Be Human Too," Nature Australia, vol. 22, 1989.
^ Essington, Timothy E.; Beaudreau, Anne H.; Wiedenmann, John ( ?????? 2005 ). "Fishing through marine food webs" (PDF) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (9): 3171?3175. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0510964103 . PMC 1413903 . PMID 16481614 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
^ Egan, Logan Zane; Tellez, Jesus Javier ( ????? 2005 ). "Effects of preferential primary consumer fishing on lower trophic level herbivores in the Line Islands" (PDF) . Stanford at Sea . Stanford University . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Pace, M. L.; Cole, J. J. ( ?????? 1999 ). "Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems". Trends in Ecology and Evolution . 14 (12): 483?488. doi : 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01723-1 . PMID 10542455 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
^ Lepak, Jesse M.; Kraft, Clifford E., Weidel, Brian C. (March 2006). "Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63 (3): 569-575. ISSN 0706-652X . Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ Croll, D. A.; Maron, J. L. ( ???? 2005 ). "Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra" . Science (magazine) . 307 (5717): 1959?1961. doi : 10.1126/science.1108485 . PMID 15790855 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
^ Bystroff, PhD., Chris. "The wolves of Yellowstone" (PDF). 2006-04-17. pg. 2. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ Wilmers, Christopher C. (2004). "The gray wolf - scavenger complex in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF) . p. 56 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .
^ Levy, Sharon ( ??????? 2002 ). "Top Dogs" . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Wilmers, Christopher C. (2004). "The gray wolf - scavenger complex in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF) . p. 90 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .
^ Robbins, Jim ( ?????????? 1998 ). "Weaving a new web: wolves change an ecosystem" . Smithsonian Zoogoer . Smithsonian Institution . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Wilmers, Christopher C.; Getz, Wayne M. (April 2005). "Gray wolves as climate change buffers in Yellowstone" . PLoS Biology 3 (4): e92. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092 . Retrieved 2010-01-25.

[1] "Saltwater Crocodile." National Geographic . Retrieved 2010-01-25.

[2] Whiting, Frances. "Terri fights to halt croc eggs harvest." Australia Zoo . 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

[3] "apex predator" . PBS . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .

[4] "predator" . Online Etymological Dictionary . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .

[5] Archer, Michael. "Slime Monsters Will Be Human Too," Nature Australia, vol. 22, 1989.

[6] Essington, Timothy E.; Beaudreau, Anne H.; Wiedenmann, John ( ?????? 2005 ). "Fishing through marine food webs" (PDF) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (9): 3171?3175. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0510964103 . PMC 1413903 . PMID 16481614 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )

[7] Egan, Logan Zane; Tellez, Jesus Javier ( ????? 2005 ). "Effects of preferential primary consumer fishing on lower trophic level herbivores in the Line Islands" (PDF) . Stanford at Sea . Stanford University . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[8] Pace, M. L.; Cole, J. J. ( ?????? 1999 ). "Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems". Trends in Ecology and Evolution . 14 (12): 483?488. doi : 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01723-1 . PMID 10542455 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )

[9] Lepak, Jesse M.; Kraft, Clifford E., Weidel, Brian C. (March 2006). "Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63 (3): 569-575. ISSN 0706-652X . Retrieved 2010-01-25.

[10] Croll, D. A.; Maron, J. L. ( ???? 2005 ). "Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra" . Science (magazine) . 307 (5717): 1959?1961. doi : 10.1126/science.1108485 . PMID 15790855 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )

[11] Bystroff, PhD., Chris. "The wolves of Yellowstone" (PDF). 2006-04-17. pg. 2. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

[12] Wilmers, Christopher C. (2004). "The gray wolf - scavenger complex in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF) . p. 56 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .

[13] Levy, Sharon ( ??????? 2002 ). "Top Dogs" . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[14] Wilmers, Christopher C. (2004). "The gray wolf - scavenger complex in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF) . p. 90 . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 .

[15] Robbins, Jim ( ?????????? 1998 ). "Weaving a new web: wolves change an ecosystem" . Smithsonian Zoogoer . Smithsonian Institution . ???? ?- 2010-01-25 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[16] Wilmers, Christopher C.; Getz, Wayne M. (April 2005). "Gray wolves as climate change buffers in Yellowstone" . PLoS Biology 3 (4): e92. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092 . Retrieved 2010-01-25.

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