|
|
?? ????? ??? ??
. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????,
?????
???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ???
???? ????
, ?? ?
????? ??????
???? ????? ??????? ???????.
|
| ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?
?? ?????
.
|
|
| ?? ????? ??? ??
. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????,
?????
???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ???
???? ????
, ?? ?
????? ??????
???? ????? ??????? ???????.
|
| ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?
?? ?????
.
|
????????
(?
??????
:
Tutsi
) ??? ?????? ??
????? ?????
?????? ??-????? ?? ?"??????????" (Banyarwanda, ?????? "???
??????
") ????
???????
. ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?
??????
,
??????
??????? ??????? ??
????????? ????????? ?? ?????
. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? (15%). ??????? ???????? ?? ?
????
(?????? ?????? ?????) ??
??????
(?????? ????? ?????). ?? ??????? ??????
????? ??????
????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????.
??? ?????
???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?-14 ??-15 ????? ?????? ?????
???
?
??? ??????
, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?
????
??? ?????? ???????.
???? ????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??, ??? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???.
?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????.
???? ?-16 ????? ????? ?????? ????-?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????????.
?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (9%) ???????? (15%), ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????.
??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? (Mwami). ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?????. ?????, ????, ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????.
???? 1890
??????? ???????
????? ???? ?? ??????. ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????.
???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
???? 1916, ?????
????? ????? ???????
, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?
?????
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.
?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?
??????? ??????
, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ????-????, ???????????, ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????????.
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? 1935. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??-?? ?????? ???????.
???????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??????
?????? ?????
???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.
??? ?? ??? ?'???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????.
???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????.
???? 1959 ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????.
???? 1960 ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????.
???? ???? ???? ??? ????? 1959?1961 ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ???????????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?
????? ??????
,
???????
?
???????
.
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?-1962, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???????, ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? "??????" ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????.
?-1969 ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?-20,000 ????? ??-300,000 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.
???????? 1990 ???? ???????
????? ????????? ????????
(
??'
)
(RPF), ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??
?'????? ??????????
,
???? ??????
?????, ????? ?
??? ?????
?? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????.
?-1994 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?'????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?
??????
. ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
??? ??? ???????
, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?-800 ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? (FPR) ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ?-FPR
??? ?????
, ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????
??????
?
??????
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????????, ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? 1994 ????? ????? ?-FPR ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???.
??? 1994 ???
?????? ???????
?? ????? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????.
???? 1996, ??? ????
????? ????? ???????
, ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????.
??? ???? 2000 ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? (FPR) ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.
????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???, ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ???. ????? ???? ?-2000, ???? 168 ?????? ??????? ??????, 127 ????? ?? ??? ???? "?????", ??-119 ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 90 ???? ???????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????.
??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????
???? ?????????
?
??????
??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????). ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ????.
?-1996 ????
????? ????? ???????
, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????,
?????? ???-???
. ?-1998 ????? ????? ???? ????? ????,
???? ?????
, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
????? ????? ??????
.
?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
???? ??????
, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????. ?????????? ????? (?"
???????????
") ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????-????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??, ???? ?? ???? ????-????, ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?-90. ???, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? 2007 ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.
???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???
?????? ?????? ???
????? ????? ?????.
????????, ???? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 1972.
??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? 1991, ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? 1993 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????
??? ??? ???????
?????? 1994.
??????, ????? ????? ????????, ?????? ???? ??????????? (??? ??? ??????) ???????, ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????.
??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ??????. ??? "
Ndagijiman
" ?????? "??? ??? ????? ???", ??? "Hakizumwami" ?????? "?? ???? ???? ?????" ???? "Muvunanyambo" ??????? "??? ????? ????????".
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ??????, ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????'? (Gihanga).
??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????.
????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????.
?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? Imaana ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? Abazima ? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? Imaana ???? ????. ?????? ??? ?-Abazima ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????.
?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????.
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.
??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.
???? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ???
???? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????.
????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? (ibicuba). ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????.
???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.
???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????.
???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????.
????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.
??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??, ???? ???. ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.
- Luis, J. R., Rowold, D. J., Regueiro, M., Caeiro, B., Cinnio?lu, C., Roseman, C, & Herrera, R. J. (2004). The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations.
The American Journal of Human Genetics
,
74
(3), 532-544
- Orville, B. J. (1994). Tutsi, Hutu and Hima-cultural background in Rwanda.
cross-cultural communication journal Afri-Com Vol 7, No 1.
- John Fage, A History of Africa.
Routledge.
2015.
- Newbury, C. (1998). Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda.
Africa Today
, 45(1), 7-24.