|
|
?? ?????? ??? ??
: ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ?
?? ?????
.
|
| ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????.
|
|
| ?? ?????? ??? ??
: ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ?
?? ?????
.
|
| ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????.
|
?????? ????' ?????? ???????
????' ??????
(?
??????
:
British Raj
) ??? ??? ????? ?
????? ??????
?
??-????? ??????
?????? ????? ??? ?????
1858
?
1947
. ??? ????
1876
, ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????
???????? ??????
(?
??????
:
Indian Empire
). ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????
????
,
??????
,
??????
?
??????
?? ?????. ????? ????' ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???
?????? ????????
????????
.
????' ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??
???????? ???????
. ????' ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????, ??? ?????
1858
-
1947
.
????' ?????? ???? ???? ??-
15 ???????
1858 ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ???, ?????? ???-????? ?????? ????? ?? ???
???? ???? ??????? ???????
, ?? ????
???? ????? ?????
?
???
1857
????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ?????, ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
????? ??????? ????
??????
????? ?????? ?????
. ????' ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?
????? ????
, ?? ??? ?-
15 ???????
1947
.
????' ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??
???? ???????
??
???????? ?? ????
???? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
???? ???? ??????? ???????
???? ???????
???? ????? ?????
, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????' ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????.
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ?????????? ?????? '????????' ???? ??????? ?
????
??
?????
?????-???? ????. ????? ???????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ????
1880
??? ????
??? ?-66,000 ?????? ??????, 130,000 ?????? ?????? ?-350,000 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? '????? ?????? ?????' (Indian Civil Service; ICS), ???? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?-1,000 ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????' ?????? ??? ????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
1914
??? ?-5% ????? ?????? ?????
1942
??? ???? ???? ????? ?? 588 ?????? ?-597 ?????.
?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? 1861 ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ???, ?????? ??????
?????
??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????.
????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?
????????????
. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
[1]
, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1857, ??? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ????????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????
??? ??? ???????
?
??-???????
. ????
1887
, ???? 21,000 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????; 45% ??? ??? ??????, 7% ???????, 19% ???-????????? (???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????) ??? 29% ??? ??????.
????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????
1880
?-
1920
??? ????? ?? ?-1% ?????? ???? ?????? ????' ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
??1935 ????
??????? ??????
??
??? ????? ????, 1935
, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.
??? ????? ?
???? ????
????? ?????
, ????? ????? ??????.
?'???' ?????? ?????
, ????? ?-11.
????? ??????
, ????? ?-15.
???'???? ??????
, ????? ?-19.
???? ?????????
, ????? ????? ?-20 ???????.
| ??????????? ???????? ????????-??????? ?? ????
|
| ??? ???????
|
????? ?????
|
??????? ???????
|
| ????????
|
?'???? ?????, ???? ?????
1858 - 1862
|
1858: ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?
???? ???? ???????
?
?????? ??????
.
????? ???? ??
??? ????
??? ?????
???? ??????
.
1860: ??? ???? ?????,
???? ????
.
1861: ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????).
|
?'???? ????, ???? ?????
1862 - 1863
|
|
?'?? ?????, ???? ?????
1869 - 1864
|
1864-65:
????? ????
.
1866: ???? ???????, ????.
1869: ???? ????'?????,
???? ????
.
1869: ?????
??? ??????
.
|
???'?? ????, ???? ????
1872 - 1869
|
????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ?????.
1872: ???? ??????? ??
??? ????? ???????
??? ???'?? ???? ?
??? ?????
.
|
????? ?????, ???? ????'????
1876 - 1872
|
1873-1874: ???? ?????.
1874-75: ????? ?????, ????? ????
?????? ??????
.
|
????? ??????, ???? ?????
1880 - 1876
|
????????? ????? ???????.
1877:
??? ?????? ?????
??
????? ????????
??????? ???? ?
????
.
1876-78: 5.2 ?????? ?????? ????? '???? ?????'.
1878-80:
?????? ??????-?????? ??????
.
|
?'???' ????????, ?????? ?????
1884 - 1880
|
????????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???'?? ?
????
. ????? ??? ??? ?????.
|
?????? ???????, ?????? ??????
1888 - 1884
|
1885:
?????? ??????-??????? ???????
.
|
???? ???-?????????, ????? ???????
1894 - 1888
|
??????? ???? ????? ?????-?????.
???????? '????? ?????? ?????????', ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????.
1893: ????????? ?? '?? ??????', ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?
????????
. ?????? ?? ????? ???
?????
?
????
.
|
?????? ????, ???? ?????
1899 - 1894
|
????? ????
??? ????
(????? ?????? ?????? ???????).
1896: ?
????
??????? ????? ??
??????
???
??????
(1898). ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
|
| ?????? ??????
|
?'???' ?????? ?????
1905 - 1899
|
1899-1900: ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????.
???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????.
1901: ???? '???? ????? ?????-?????' ???? ???? ??? ???? ????.
1903:
?????? ??????
????? ???? ???? ?
????? ????
???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???.
1904: ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????????.
????
????
?-'??????? ?????-???????' ??????? ???? '??????? ????????'.
1905: ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? '???? ???? ?????'.
|
?????? ?????, ????? ?????
1910 - 1905
|
| ?'???' ??????
|
?'???? ??????, ????? ??????
1916 - 1910
|
1911: ????? ????
?'???' ??????
. ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?
??????
???? ?????
??? ????
.
1912-29 ????? ?? ??? ????.
1914-18
????? ????? ???????
.
|
?????? ??????, ???????? ?'???????
1921 - 1916
|
1917:
??? ????
????? ?
????? ??????????
.
1918: ??? ???? ????? ?
??? ?????
1919:
??? ????? ????, 1919
,
?????? ??????-?????? ???????
.
|
????? ??????, ?????? ??????
1926 - 1921
|
|
?????? ???, ????? ???????
1931 - 1926
|
|
????? ?????, ?????? ???????????
1936 - 1931
|
??? ????? ????, 1935
|
| ?????? ??????
|
?????? ???, ?????? ???? ???????'??
1943 - 1936
|
|
| ?'???' ?????
|
???'???? ??????, ????? ???
1947 - 1943
|
|
???? ?????????, ????? ?????????
1947
|
???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??
????
,
??????
,
?????
?
??????
.
|
??? ??????? ?? ???? ????
1909
(????; ????? ?????, ????; ?????? ????).
????' ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1889 ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? '???? ???????':
(4.) ????? "???? ???????" ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????-????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????-????? ?? ????.
(5.) ?????? "????" ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????-????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????-????? ?? ????
[2]
??? ?????
???? ???? ??????? ???????
, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????: ????, ?????? ?
?????
. ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????-???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????????, ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ?-20 ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????.
????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? (??? ????? ??? ?????-?????) ??????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???, ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ????? ????????.
????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? '????? ?????? ??????????', ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
???????? ???????
?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????. ??????
???? ?-20
, ???? ?-18,000 ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????.
??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, 1909.
??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? (????;
?????????
, ????;
?????
?????;
???????
), 1909.
????
1947
?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? 565 ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
????? ??????
, ???????? ?
?'??? ??????
. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?'??? ?????? ???? ?
????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
.
| ?????? ??????
|
| ?? ?????
|
???
(
???? ??"?
)
|
????????? (????????)
|
?????
|
| ????
|
390
|
75
|
????? '???? ?????? ????'. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????
1905
????? ???? ?-
1911
.
|
| ?????
|
440
|
9
|
|
| ?????? ?????
|
370
|
38
|
|
| ??????
|
320
|
19
|
|
| ??????? ????????
|
280
|
48
|
???? ????
1902
?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????-???????.
|
| ?????? ?????
|
270
|
13
|
|
| ???'??
|
250
|
20
|
???? ?? ????? ???'?? ????
1849
.
|
| ????
|
130
|
6
|
????? ????? ?-
1905
.
|
| ?????? ?????
|
| ?? ?????
|
???
|
????????? (??????)
|
?????
|
| ???? ????? ?????-?????
|
42
|
2,125
|
|
| ????'????? ???????
|
120
|
308
|
|
| ?????
|
4
|
181
|
|
| ??'??-??????
|
7
|
477
|
|
| ??? ?????
???????
|
8
|
25
|
|
- ??? ????? ?
??? ???? ???????
- ^
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????
????? ???
.
- ^
??? ??????? 1889 (Interpretation Act).