|
|
??? ???? ??????
|
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????.
??? ???? ???? ??
??????
???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ????????
?
????? ??????
.
?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ?
?? ?????
.
|
|
| ??? ???? ??????
|
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????.
??? ???? ???? ??
??????
???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ????????
?
????? ??????
.
?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ?
?? ?????
.
|
?????? ?????????
(?
??????
:
Democratic Party
) ??? ??? ???? ?
??????
??????? ?
????? ?????
. ????? ???? ?
??????
?? ?????? ?????? ?
?????
??
?????
???
????-????
???? ?????? ?????? ??,
?????? ???????????
.
?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????
?????? ?????????-??????????
?????
????? ?'?????
?-
1794
. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?-1828, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????.
???? ????? ?????
?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???
????? ?'????
, ??????? ??? ????? ?????
?'? ?????
.
????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?
????????
, ??????, ??? ????, ????? ?
???????? ?????
,
???????????
?? ?
??????-????????
(?????? ????? ????). ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?
??????? ????????
,
?????? ???
?
???????
, ?????? ??????
????? ????
,
????? ?? ??????
,
??-????????
,
????? ??????
????? ?
???? ??????
,
?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ("??????????")
,
????? ??????
, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
?????
, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
??? ???
???????, ????
?????? ???"?
.
????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????
????????? ??????? "
?????'? ?????
", 1870. ?????? ????? "???? ?? ???? ????? ??" ???? ???? ???? ?-jackass ??? ????? ???? ????? ?-Jackson (
????? ?'????
, ????? ??????)
?-
19 ???????
1870
??????
????????
?????? "
?????'? ?????
" ??????? "???? ?? ????? ????? ??". ???????? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????
????
. ??? ???? ????? ?
???
???? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ?
???
?????? ??
?????? ???????????
, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????.
??? ????? ?
?????? ?????? ??????? (????? ?????)
??? ???
??????? ?-2000
???? ?
????
??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.
???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? "
?????? ????????? ???????
", ?? DNC (???? ????? ?Democratic National Committee). ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???
?????? ????? ?????
????? ??? ???????. ????
???? ??????????
??????, ?????? RNC.
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?
????
, ?
??? ???????
, ??????? ?
??????
???????? ???? ?????.
?????? ????????? ????? ??? "????? ?????????-??????????" ????
?????? ?????????-??????????
, ??????? ??
????? ?'????
. ???? ?????? ???????
1824
?? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ?'???? ?????
????????
???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????
?'?? ??????? ????
???????
1828
. ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????.
???? ????????? ??
?????? ??????????
, ????? ?????? ?????????-?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ??
????? ?'????
??????? ????? ??????, ???????? ?? ?'???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????-??????????, ?????? ?"?????????? ????????" ??????
?'?? ??????? ????
. ??? ?? ?????????-?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?"?????????". ?-
1833
??
1856
, ?????
?????? ???????
?
?????????
??????? ?????????, ???? ?-1856 ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????.
????? ?-50 ??
???? ?-19
, ??????? ????????? ??
?????? ???????
, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?
?????
, ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ???????????
??? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ????????
?'???? ??????
??? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????
??? ????? ??????
?????
??? ????
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?
?????
?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????
1860
. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????
????? ???????
??????? ?????? ????? ???????
????? ??????? ?????????
.
???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?
?? ???? ????
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????
?????? ????
. ?????, ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
????? ???????
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?
???? ????? ?????
.
???????
1896
????? ?????? ????????
?????? ?'????? ??????
?
?????? ??????
, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? 16 ??? ?? ??????? ??
????? ????? ??????
?-
1912
. ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?-
1920
?????? ??????? ??
Laissez Faire
, ??
????? ??????
?-
24 ????????
1929
?"
???? ?????
" ?????? ??????
??????? ????? ???????
???????? ?
??? ???
??? ?-
1932
.
??????? ?"??? ???", ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ???????? ??
??????? ????????
,
???????? ?????
,
??????????
, ??????? (?????
??????
?
??????
) ?????? ??????. ???????? ?? - "????????? ???? ???" - ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ?????
????? ????? ??????
, ??? ?????? ????? ??
???? ?????
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????; ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 1953 ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? (???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????, ???? ???? 2021) ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ???, ????????? ??? ??? ?
??? ???????
???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? 1954?1994. ??? ?-1994 ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ?????????? ???????????.
???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????
?????? ?????
????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
????-????????
, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-60 ??????? ?? ???????
?'?? ????
?
?????? ?'?????
(???
???? ?????-???????? ??????? ??????
).
??????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????.
??????
?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?'?????, ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????
?'??? ????
, ??? ?????? ??????
???? ????????
????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? 1976 ??? ??? ???????
?'??? ????
, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?
???? ???????
???? ??????????? ????? ???????.
??? ???????
???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????
1993
?
2001
. ???? ?????????? ?? "
????????? ??????
"
(
??'
)
, ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????
???? ???????
.
?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??
???-???????
.
[5]
????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????
???????
??????? ???????.
[6]
????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
???? ???????
.
?
?????? 2000
????? ?????? ????????
?? ???
???? ???? ?????? ??????????
?'???' ???? ???
. ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ??
????? ??????? ?????????
??????? ???????
???? ?????
?????? ?????? ???????.
????
2004
???? ????????? ??
?'?? ???
-
??????
?
???'????
- ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????
????? ?????
. ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??'???' ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?
???? ????? ?????
. (???
??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? 2004
).
??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?-
2006
???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??
????
?????
??? ???????
????? ??????? ????,
???? ?????
. ???????
2008
, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????.
????
2010
?
?????? ???? ??????
???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????.
????
2014
?
?????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???
??????
???? ???????????.
????
2016
, ???? ???? ?
?????? ?????? ?????
. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????,
????? ?????
, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????.
????
?????? 2018 ?????? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????.
????
2020
, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????,
?'? ?????
. ??????? 2020 ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.
????? ???????? ?
?????? ???????????
, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?
???-????????
. ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?
?????????
. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-21
.
[7]
[8]
???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????.
[
???? ????
]
16 ???? 46 ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
- ????? ???????
- ???? ??
??? ???????
?
????? ???????
(
1993
?
2001
), ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?-2008,
?????? ??????
?-67 ??? ?????
2009
?
2013
??????? ??????? ?-
2016
??? ?????? ?
????? ?????
.
- ?? ???
-
??? ???? ????? ?????
?-45 ?????? ??????? (1993 - 2001), ????? ?
?????? ??????? 2000
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??????
. ?? ????? ??? ?
??? ????
?????.
- ?'?? ???
- ?????? ???? ???? ?????
???'????
, ????? ??????? ?-2004 ?
????? ??????
?-68 ??? ????? ??? ?????.
- ???? ???
-
??????
???? ???? ?????
????
, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
2007
?
2015
????? ????? ??????.
- ?'?? ????
- ?????? ???? ???? ?????
??? ????
, ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??
???
?? ????? ????????? ?????.
- ???? ?????
- ?????????? ???????? ?????, ????? 2007 - 2011 ????? ?????? ???
??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??. ?-2019 ??? ??????.
- ??? ????
- ?????? ???? ???? ?????
????'????
, ?????? ???? ????? ?
??? 2016
. ???? ????? ????? ????'???? ????? 2006 -2010.
- ?'? ??????
- ?????? ???? ?????
???????
, ?????? ???? ?????? ?
??? 2000
. ????? ?
?'?? ???
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?-2004.
- ?????? ???
-
????
???????, ???? ?????
??????
?????
2003
-
1991
, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?-2004 ????? ????? ???
?????? ????????? ???????
.
- ?'?? ???????
- ?????? ???? ?????
???? ????????
????? 1999?2005, ????? ???? ????? ?
??? 2004
??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?-2008.
- ????? ??????
- ???? ?? ?????
?????? ?'?????
??????? ???????? ???????
1968
. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?'?????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? 1968 ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
????? ???? ????
, ??????? ?? ??????
????? ????
, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?
????? ???????
, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
?????? ???????????
???'?? ??????
????? ?? ???.
- ????? ???? - ???? ????? ?? ?????
?'?? ????
,
????? ?????
?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?-1968.
????
?? ???
?????
???????
?? ??? ??????.
- ?? ????
- ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?-
2009
, ???? ?????
???'????
.
- ?????? ????
- ????
????? ?? ????? ?????
???? ???'????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?-
2020
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?
?????????
??????.
- ???? ?????
- ?????? ????
??????
, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?-2016 ??-2020. ??????? ?
????????????
???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.
- ^
1
2
N. Scott Arnold,
Imposing Values: Liberalism and Regulation
, Oxford University Press, 2009-03-20, ??' 3, ISBN
978-0-19-970529-0
.
(???????)
- ^
John Worthington,
Greedy for the Green: An American Political Ideal?
, ILLUMINATION, 2023-04-18
(???????)
- ^
???? ?????
?
????? ????
??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 50.
- ^
EJ Dionne Jr,
The Biden victory and the future of the centre-left
, 2020-12-04
(??????? ??????)
- ^
"New Democrat | Definition of New Democrat in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
.
Oxford Dictionaries | English
. ???? ?-
2021-06-21
.
- ^
Dylan Loewe,
Permanently Blue: How Democrats Can End the Republican Party and Rule the Next Generation
, Crown, 2010-09-07, ISBN
978-0-307-71800-6
.
(???????)
- ^
???????????,
???? ????? ?? ???? ?????: "?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????"
, ????
TheMarker
, 11 ????? 2021
- ^
Leah Nylen,
Biden launches assault on monopolies
, POLITICO
(???????)