????? ??????
(?
??????
:
Donald watson
;
2 ???????
1910
,
???? ????????
,
???????
-
11 ???????
2005
,
???????
, ???????) ??? ????
?????? ???? ????
?????, ???? ????
1944
, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? '
Vegan'
(?
?????
:
??????
), ????? ??
?????? ????????
? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
[1]
[2]
.
?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
???
?????? ?
??????
. ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? 30. ???? 14, ??? ?????? ?????
?????
, ???? ????? ?
??????
???. ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??????, ?
???? ???????
????? ?????? ????????: ??????, ??? ???? ?
???? ????
, ????? "????" ????. ???? ????? ???
?????
, ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ????? "????"
???
, ????????? "????"
?????
, ?????? "????"
???
, ???? ?? ???? ?? "??????" ???????
[3]
. ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????
??????
????? ?????, ?
????
?? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????: "??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????". ????? ??, ??? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? - ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ?
?? ???
, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????
????? ?????
?? ???? ????. ???? 14, ????
1924
, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????
??????
[1]
.
?????? ??? ??????? ?
???
, ???? ??????
???? ?????
????? ???????, ????? ????? ?????
????? ??
. ???? 21, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? 63. ???? ??? ??? ?
????? ?????
??? ????? ?? ??? 70. ????
1942
, ????? ?? 32, ????? ?????? ??????? ?
?????? ????
, ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ?
???????
,
????? ?????
"???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???" ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???. ????
1944
, ???? 34, ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ??? ??????
[4]
[3]
.
?
????? ????? ??????
, ??? ?
???? ?????
. ??????, ?
????? ????? ???????
, 307 ???????, ??????? ???? "??????" ?????? ????? ?
??? ???????
??????
????? ???????
(
??'
)
? ????
[3]
. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????; ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
[5]
. ???? ????: "?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????"
[4]
. ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??
???? ???
[6]
. ????
1946
, ???? ??????? ????? (Dorothy Morgan) ??????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ?'??, ??? ??? ????? ???? 47 ???, ?? ???? ????
1994
[7]
. ?????? ????
2002
???: "??? ?? 92, ???? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????"
[3]
.
?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?
????? ????????
(
??'
)
, ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???. ??????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ???, ???, ?????,
???
?
???
, ?????? ?
???
,
???
,
????? ????
(
??'
)
??
??????? ????? ????
[8]
. ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?
?????
???????
???????
. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
????? ??????
[8]
. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
[9]
.
"????? ????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????"
[10]
?
????? ??????
??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????, ???? ??
???? ??????
, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? 1944 ????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ????? 19 ?????? ??????
[4]
. 25 ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????: "?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????", ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???
[8]
. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????
[11]
[9]
.
???? 1988 ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????: "????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???. ?? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????, ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 7 ???? ??????"
[12]
.
?????? ??????, ?????? ????,
???
?
????? ????
???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? '
Vegan News'
(??????: '
????? ????????'
). ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 2
?????
(?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????), ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? '????? ????????' ?? ??? 12 ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? 500
??????
????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?
????? ?????
6000 ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? - ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
[12]
. ???? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ?-
24 ???????
1944. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? 30 - 40 ????, ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ??????, ????? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ???? ?????
?? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????
[3]
.
??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???
?????? ?????????
????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?
????? ??? ??????
? ???
?????? ?'?????
(
??'
)
????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????
[9]
?
????? ??????
?? ????? 'Vegan' (??????: ??????), ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ??????, ???? 1944, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? '
vegetarian'
(??????:
??????
), ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????: ?
???????
?????? ?? ??????, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????
[2]
. ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? 'Vega' ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??
[12]
.
?? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???? ???? '???????'. ????? Vegan ???? ???? ???? 1944, ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???? (Leslie J Cross), ????? ????
Plamil Foods
(
??'
)
(??? ?????? ???????? ?
????
??????
??? ????
), ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ????
1949
????? ?????: "??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????". ???? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ?????: "???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????, ????, ??????, ????, ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????". ????
1979
, ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ??????: "????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???"
[2]
.
??????? ??????? ?? '????? ????????', ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??: "????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ???????. ????? '?-??????' (Non-dairy) ??? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ????? '?-????' (non-lacto) - ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??, ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ?
????????
??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?'????????'(!) ?? ???? ?????????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ????? ????? ?? 'Vegan news'. ?? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ???? ????? ???? '????? ???????'. ????? ????? ?????? ?????"
[9]
. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????: allvega, neo-vegetarian, dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivore, beaumangeur
[2]
, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????
[3]
. ????? ???? ??????? ?
????? ????????
????
1986
??? ??????: "??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???, ?????? ????"
[12]
.
????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?
??????
????? ????? ?? ?????? ????: "?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???"
[12]
. ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????
[13]
: "?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?
?????? ???????
". ??????, ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????
[1]
: "??? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1944"
[14]
. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?
????-???????
(??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???): "????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???. ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????-??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????"
[8]
.
???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????
[9]
?
????? ??????
?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??
???? ??????
??? ???????? ????. ????? ??, ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
[3]
. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????
[3]
.
?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?
?????? ??????
?? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???: "?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????"
[1]
.
?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????: "?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????"
[5]
.
??? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????.
?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????
[10]
:
- ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
- ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ????.
????
1948
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
[10]
.
"????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????; ??? ??? ???, ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????-??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ???, ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????"
[10]
.
??? ??, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??
??? ???????
????????. ??????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?
???? ??????
, ??????? ???????
[10]
.
???? ???? ???? ???? ???: "????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ??
??????
, ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ???? ?
?'???' ????? ??
???? ?? ???????? ???, ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????!"
[7]
. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? 95
[8]
. ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?
?????????
[3]
, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? 9 ???? ???? ??
[15]
. ??? ?'?? ???? ??: "??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??"
[6]
.
- ^
1
2
3
4
Foods for life, Interview with Donald Watson - Vegan Founder
- ^
1
2
3
4
The Vegan Society, History,
We’ve come a long way!
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
George D Rodger,
Interview with Donald Watson on Sunday 15 December 2002
- ^
1
2
3
Rose Elliot,
Donald Watson - The first vegan, who invented the word - and outlived his many critics
, Saturday 14 January 2006
- ^
1
2
Obituary: Donald Watson
, BBC news, 18 November 2005
- ^
1
2
Obituary: Mr Donald Watson, of Keswick
- Times & Star, 02 December 2005
- ^
1
2
Donald Watson
, The Scotsman, 6th July 2015
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
Gary L. Francione,
Animal Rights: The Abolitionist Approach, A Moment of Silence for Donald Watson, Founder of The Vegan Society
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
The Vegan News, No. 1. November 1944
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
Donald Watson,
Should the Vegetarian Movement be Reformed?
, The Vegetarian World Forum, No. 1 Vol. 2 - THE VEGETARIAN - SPRING 1948 pp.23-27, International Vegetarian Union (IVU)
- ^
Leah Leneman,
No animal food: the road to veganism in britian, 1909-1944
, University of Edinburgh, 1999
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
70 years of The Vegan Society
, The Vegan Society, 2004
- ^
Joseph Connelly,
Remembering Donald Watson, the Father of Veganism
, Veg News, 2010
- ^
Vegan Founder Dies at 95 - Donald Watson
, World Vegetarian And Vegan News, November 17, 2005
- ^
Vegan Place,
In Memory and Celebration: Donald and Dorothy
, May 26, 2014