?? ???? ???????

????? ???????	2003
??????	19,490

?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? 2003 , ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? 1540 ?????. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? . ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?-50 ??? ?? 70 ??? ???? ???? . ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? .

?? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? . ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? 39 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? 45 ?-46 ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? 37.9 ?????. ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? 30 ?????. ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???.

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ???????? . ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? , ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???. ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????. ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?-14,800, ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? . ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????.

?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?-12,000 ???, ? ??????? ???? ?-2,000, ? ??????? ?-1,900 ???, ? ????? ?-1,500, ??????? ????? ?-500 ?? ?????? ?-300. ^{[ ???? ???? ]}

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? 2,150 ??????? ???? .

???? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? . ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? , ?????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? . ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????.

???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? , ?????? ????? ?????? ?-12 ?? 20 ??????. ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????.

?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ? ?? ?????? .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??????????

• France buries its unclaimed dead , ???? ????? ?- BBC , ‏3 ??????? 2003
• European summer heatwave 2003 , ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???? Web Archive
• Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003 , Presented by Alain-Jacques Valleron, Comptes Rendus Biologies , Volume 331, Issue 2, February 2008, Pages 171-178
• ????? ????: ?-20 ??? ??? ??????? ???? , ???? ????? , 30 ??????? 2003
• ?? ???? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)