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1927
, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?
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-1935
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[4]
.
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???????
1954
????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ????"?-1954.
??? ??? ?????
????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?-
1 ??????
1954
[5]
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1978
), ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.
??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
[6]
[7]
.
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[8]
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[9]
. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ??"? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? 2010 ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.
??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? 17 ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???, ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ?-1962, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? (????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? 9%), ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?
???? ????????
, ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?-1962 ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ?-1.80 ????? ????? ?-3 ????? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?
??????? ??????? ?????
.
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???? ???? ?????? ???
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.
?-1971 ?????
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?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ????????? ????? (14% ?-1972) ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????
????? ??? ?????
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????? ??? ????????
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???? ???????
????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????????, ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????.
[?]
????? 1974 ????? ??? ????? ?
??? ??? ????? ???????
????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.
?-1976 ??? ???? ?????
????? ????
. ???? 1977 ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???"? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????; ?????, ????? ???"? ?-12%. ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ???, ?-1980 ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???.
??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?-70 ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??
?????
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[10]
????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????, ??????? ??
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, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
???? 1982 ????? ?
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?????. ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?
???? ????? ??????
?-1983.
?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?
????????
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ?
???????
??? ????? ??????. ???? 1984 ?????? ????????? ?-450%.
???? 1984 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????. ???? 1985 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?
?????? ????? ??????
, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ????' ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???"? ?????? ????' ????? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?
????? ??????
, ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???: ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????); ????? ???? ?????? (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????); ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????; ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? (????? ???? ???? ???? ???) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????.
?-1986 ???? ????'
????? ?????
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???? ??????
?-1986 ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?
???? ?? ??????
. ?-1978 ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? 2003. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?"????? ??????? ???? ????? ???" ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??"? ???? ???"?.
???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? 1985 ????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?
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.
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??? ????? ????-??????
.
???? 1991 ???? ????' ???? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????' ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????.
????? ??????,
??? ?????
???? ??????? ???? 2000 ?????? ?????? ?? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????????; ???? ??????? ???????? ?????; ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????????? ???? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ??????
, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?-1985 ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.
???? 2005 ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 1954, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????: ?-2010 ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? (??? ??? ????? ???"?-2010), ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? (??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????), ???????? ?????? ???? ?????.
?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? 2008 ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???-??????: ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? (?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????)
[
???? ????
]
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???? 2008 ???? ????
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, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???"? (??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????), ?????? ????????? (???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???"? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????), ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????.
???? 2013 ????? ?"? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.
???? 2018 ???? ????' ???? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????:
??? ???? ????
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[11]
.
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[12]
. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? 30 ???????
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[13]
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3.86 ?"? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ??-27 ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? 4.08 ?"? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? 8.2 ??????? ????
[14]
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?????? ?????? 2023 ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?"? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????
[15]
.
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, ??? ???? ?????? ???????
[16]
.
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, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
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). ??? ?????, ???
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, ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? (?????? ?????????). ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?
?????
. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ?
????? ????????????
??????? ??????.
????? ????? ????? ??? 1992 ?? ??? ????????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? "?????? ???????" ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????. ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? 2003 ?? 2006 ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?????
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???? ????
]
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???? ???????, ?????? ??????
??????
?? ????????. ???? 2008 ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?
??? ???"?
.
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?????? ?? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?
???????
?? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?:
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????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?
?????? ???
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) ?? ???????? ??????? (
????? ???? ????
).
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????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
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???? ????
]
, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
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???? ????
]
, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ?-
2008
??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??"? ?????? ???? ?-2012 ????? ?-50 ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???"? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???.
- ??? ????? ?
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??
???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ??"? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????. ??? ?-1996 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??"? ???????, ??????? ???? 1995 ?-8.3 ??????? ??????, ????? ???? 1999 ?-22.5 ???????
[17]
. ????? ?? ????? ??????
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????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???"?. ????? ????? ?? ??? 2002, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? 5 ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??"? ???????.
???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ????
?????. ??? ???? 2008, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?-3.4 ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???"? ??? ??-40 ??????? ???? ??? ??????
[18]
, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?-25 ?????? ???? ???? ???"?.
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??????? ??????? 2012
[19]
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[20]
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, ??????? ????? ???? 1970
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