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[1]
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: Linguistics).
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(???????: Grammar) ??????? ????-??? ??????????, ??????????, ????? ???????? ????.
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- ?????
(Syntax) - ??? ????? ??
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(Discourse Analysis) - ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???-??? ??????
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.
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), ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????
??????
(
??????? ???????
).
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- ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?
??????
??? ??? ???, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????.
- ???????????
(?????????????????) - ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????:
- ????? ???
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?????
?????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?-20.
- ??-???????
- ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???.
- ???? ??????
- ??? ?????? ?
??????
(registers) ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????.
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- ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.
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- ?????? ????????
-
- ?????? ??????
- (????? ??
?????-????????????
??
?????-??????
, ????????:
sociolinguistics
) ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????.
- ?????? ????????
- ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ??-?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????-???? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????.
- ?????? ???????
(??????: Computational Linguistics) - ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????.
- ??????????
- ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????.
- ???????? ?? ????
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????
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, ?
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???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ???
?????????
- ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????.
????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ?
???? ?-70
??-
80
??? ?
?????? ????????
(????? ?????? "????? ??? ?????" Natural Language Processing), ?????? ????? ???????-????????? ??
??????????
?
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- ??? ????? ?
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?????
?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? (??? ????
???? ??????
). ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????.
???? ethnologue
[2]
???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??:
[????? ?????]
??? ??, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ???????.