?????? (????) ?????
(
29 ??????
1927
?
17 ??????
2017
) ???
????? ????
?
???? ????
[1]
???? ?? ????????. ????? ???? "???? ????" ?? ??????
????? ??? ??? ????
??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??.
????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? 1927 ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????, ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.
?
????
1941
, ??
????? ??????? ????? ???????
, ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????, ????, ???? ???? ?????.
??? ?????? ?????? ?
??? ?????
. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?
??????
1941, ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
[2]
. ??? ????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
[3]
[4]
[5]
. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?
???'????
. ????? ?? ????, ??? ??????? ?????
[6]
?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ?
???
1942
[7]
???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ??????
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
[12]
. ????, ??? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ????? ?????????
[13]
????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ????? ?????
[14]
[15]
.
???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?-
1944
?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ????? ??, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????????
[16]
????? ?? ???? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
????? ?????? - ?????? ?????????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
???? ??????? ??
?????
????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????, ?-14 ??????? 1946, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?-5 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?"???? ?????" ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????
[17]
. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ?? 5 ???? ????? ????.
??? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????
[18]
. ?????, ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????.
??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????
[19]
??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???, ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???. ???????, ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????
[20]
???????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????.
??? ??? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???
????? ??
, ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ????
[21]
. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????.
?
?????????
??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?
???? ???????
[22]
, ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????
[23]
[24]
. ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????, ?????? ???????.
??? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????.
?-
1955
??? ???? ?
????
????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????
???"?
??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????
?????
, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.
????? ?
?????
, ??? ???? ?????? ???????
[25]
, ???? ????? ??
?????
?? ?
?????????
???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
???????
?
??????
?? ????
????? ?????
. ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
????
1956
???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?
???? ???????
, ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??.?.?. ?????? ????? ?????? ????.
?-
1957
???? ?
??????
?????? ????? ?????????
. ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?
???????
???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??
????? ???? ???????
???????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
[26]
.
????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?
?.?.?.
??? ??? ????? ??.?.?. ??? ?????. ??? ??, ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.
????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?
???? ???????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????.
??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ????? ???????,
???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.
??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????. ??????, ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ???????? ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????.
????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ???. ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????
?????? ?????'??
????? ????? ????
??????
??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????'?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??.?.? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
????? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????'??. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????'?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???"? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??"? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?
??????????
. ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.
???? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????'??,
?????? ???? ????????
??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????.
????? ????? ?-20 ????, ?? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? 6?8 ???? ??????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????'??, ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? 70 ??????? ?????? ??
??????????
. ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, 5 ???? ????? ?
????? ?????
?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?
?????? ???????????
???????? ????? 6 ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?
???? ???????
, ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ?????. ?? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 3 ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ????? 6 ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????
[27]
.
????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ???????
[
????? ??? ????
|
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]
?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????
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?????? ?????? ?? "????? ?????". ?????? ??? "
?????????????
", ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? 3?8 ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ??????
. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?
?????
. ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????
?????
?????? ?? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??
??? ?????
. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ?
??? ????????
???? ???, ????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????
[28]
. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????
??? ???
????? ???? ?? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????
???? ??????? ?????? ?????.
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?"?????? ???????". ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?"????? ????? ??" ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??. ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????.
????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??
1964
, ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??
??????
. ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? "??? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????! ??? ?????? ?
???????
!" ?????? ???. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ??? "??? ?????" ????... ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?????
. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????.
????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??.?.?. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ???????, ????? ???????, ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???.
????????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?
??????
, ?
???????
, ?
????
????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????.
????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? 4 ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?
??? ?????
, ???? ?
??? ??????
?? ????? ???? (
??? ??? ???????
) ??? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????
[29]
. ????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ??.?.?. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??.?.?. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?-13 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?-7, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?
??????????
??? ???????? ??????
[30]
. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??????
[31]
.
??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??.?.?. ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????? ????. ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? "???" ??????.
???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??
????? ??? ?????
, ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???.
???, ??? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??.
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?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?
?.?.?
, ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??.
???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??.?.? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?
?.?.?
?? ????.
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(????? ????? ?????) ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? "????? ?????? ?????" ?????? "???? ?????? ?
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???, ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????". ????? ????? ???? ??, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????.
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. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??.?.? ???? ??, ??? ?? ????. ????? ????, ??? ?????
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?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?
????? ?????
?? ???? ????? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????.
???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??
????? ??????? ??????
? ?.?.? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???.
?-
1 ????
1969
???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
??????
. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????
???? ????
?
???? ??????
???? ?
??? ??????
????? ????
??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?
???????
, ?
??"? ????? ???????
?? ????. ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?
??????
?????? ??????,
?'??????
????? ????.
???? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ???. 2 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???,
????
, ????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?
????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??
???? ???????
. ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.
???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?
????? ???
??? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? "
??? ?? ???
".
?????, ????? ?????, ???? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? - ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????????.
????? ??? ???? ????
????? ?????
, ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????????. ???? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.
????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?
????
????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????
1975
??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
????? ????
?????? ????? "???? ???? ?????".???? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? "????" ????
1977
??? "????? ????? ?????? ?????? - ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????". ???? ????, ????
2017
??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????
????? ??? ???-????
????? ???? ??????
???? ???
.
????
1989
????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????.
????
2004
???? ??????
????? ??? ??? ????
???? 26 ?????
????? ????
?? ???? "
???? ????
" "??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????".
????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?
??? ??????? ????? ???????
????
2012
[32]
[33]
.
????
1969
, ???? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?
???? ???????
?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
????
1972
??? ????? ?? ??' ???? ?'????????, ??? ??
??? ?'????????
?????? ??
??? ?'????????
, ??????????, ????? ????? ??????? ?
??? ????? ?????? ??????
(1996 - 2006). ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
????? ???? ?-16 ?????? 2017 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.
- ???? ???? ????? [?? ???? ???, ??? 2]
(??????)
, ?????? ??????, 1977. ??' 84?250.
- ?????? ?????
????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???, ????? ????, 1977.
- ?????? ?????
?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
, ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???, 2019.
- ?????? ?????
?? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
(??????)
, ????? ??? ???, 2019.
- ^
Anatoly Rubin as one of Prisoners of Zion
- ^
[1]
Anatoly Rubin's story is written in Barbara Epstein's book "The Minsk Ghetto 1941?1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism"
- ^
Bankier, David; Gutman, Israel (
23 ???? 2018
).
"Nazi Europe and the Final Solution"
. Berghahn Books – via Google Books.
- ^
Dean, Martin (
23 ???? 2003
).
"Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941?44"
. Palgrave Macmillan – via Google Books.
- ^
Smilovitskii, Leonid: Antisemitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941?1944: The Case of Belorussia in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20, 2006
- ^
[2]
Labor forced work in the Minsk ghetto
(?????? ???? ????, 27.11.2019)
- ^
????? (2019), ??' 35-33
- ^
???? ????
,
????? ??????: ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
, ????
????
, 27 ?????? 2017
- ^
"Wayback Machine"
.
3 ??????? 2011
.
- ^
Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (
1 ????? 2013
).
"Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe"
. U of Nebraska Press – via Google Books.
- ^
"Jewish armed resistance in ghettos and camps, 1941?1944"
.
www.ushmm.org
.
- ^
[3]
?????? ????? ????? ???? Nazi Europe and the Final Solution
- ^
"
https://www.ushmm.org/learn/introduction-to-the-holocaust
"Jewish Partisans
- ^
Anatoly facing the Anti-Semitism in the Partisan Movement of Belorussia, 1941-1944
- ^
????? (2019), ??' 50-42
- ^
Redlich, Shimon; Anderson, Kirill Mikha?lovich; Al?tman, I. (
23 ???? 1995
).
"War, Holocaust and Stalinism: A Documented Study of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR"
. Psychology Press – via Google Books.
- ^
????? (2019), ??' 64-62
- ^
????? (2019), ??' 69-65
- ^
"Карта посёлка Яя, Яйский район, ближайшие города"
.
tochka-na-karte.ru
.
- ^
[4]
??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????
- ^
Земсков В.Н. К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. 1944?1951 годы // История СССР. 1990. № 4 (Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No.4
- ^
"Doctors' Plot ? Soviet history"
.
- ^
????? (2019), ??' 98-97
- ^
Rapoport (1991), pp. 119?120
- ^
"LATVIA"
.
- ^
?????? ????? ???? "????? ?????? ??????: ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????, 1947?1987", ?????? ??????
- ^
RUBIN ANATOLY PINKHUSOVICH in the list of VICTIMS OF POLITICAL TERROR IN THE USSR
, as cited by the Memorial Society on the basis of the Memory Books issued or prepared for release in various regions of the former USSR, as well as a number of unpublished sources
- ^
??? ??? ???? (2004), ??' 38-46
- ^
Anatoly Rubin in the book "the last exodus", by Leonard Schroeter
- ^
????? (2019) ????? ???????????, ??' 204
- ^
?????? ????? ???? "????? ??? ???" ??? ??? - ????? ????? ?-1917 ??? ?????, ??? ???
- ^
?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? "?? ???"
- ^
2012 interview with Anatoly Rubin - torchlighters