?????
?????? ?
?????? ??????????
???
?????????? ?????? (1948)
. ??? ?????? ??? ????????????, ????
?????????? ?????? (1980)
, ???? ?? ?????? ????
????? ???????? ?????????
, ?
?????????? ??? ???'?? (1984)
, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? (???? ??? ?
??? ????????
?? ???? ??????). ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????.
?????
????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?-
1984
, ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????.
??? ???????????? ??? ??????, ??? ???????? ?
??????
, ?????? ???? ?? 69: 19 ?????? ???, 21 ?????? ??? ?-29 ?????? ???. ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????:
???? ???????
,
???????
,
????????
?
??????? ???
. ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.
??? ?
?????????? ???? (1900)
????? ??????? ???? ???, ?
????
??????? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
??????????? ?????? (1948) ?????? ????? ?? 36 ????????. ???? ???????? ?'??? ??????, ???? ??????? ???, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?
????? ????????
. ?
?????????? ??????? (1952)
???? ?????? ???????? ?-7 ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? (???? ????-?'? ??'????-??? ??'?? ??????? ???, ?????? ???? ?????, ?'?????'? ????? ???????? ???'?????? ??????? ???), ?????? ???????? ?????? (????? ????'? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???).
?
?????????? ?????? (1956)
???? ?'????-??? ??'?? ?? ?????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????. ????????, ??? ????? ???? ?
?????? ???
????????, ????-??? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????, ?????-??? ???'???-???? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ???. ?????? ???????, ?????? ???, ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????'?.
?
?????????? ???? (1960)
???? ??? ??'?? ?? ?????, ???? ??????? ???. ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????-???? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ???, ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????'??. ?
?????????? ????? (1964)
???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????-?????.
?
?????????? ?????? ???? (1968)
?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?-??? ????-????? ??? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????, ?????? ?'?????, ??? ??????? ???. ?
?????????? ????? (1972)
???? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ??????? ???. ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???, ???????? ?'????? ??? ??????? ???. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?
?????????? ????????? (1976)
, ??????? ?? 86 ????????. ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????: ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?
?????? ???
????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????,
?????? ???
.
????? ???????
??????? ??????? ???, ?????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ????? ????
????? ???? ???????
.
???? ?????? ???? ???????????, ??? ????? ??????? ?
?????????? ????? (1988)
. ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???, ?????? ????? ????????. ?? ?
?????????? ??????? (1992)
??? ???????? ??????? ???, ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ?'???, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???. ?
?????????? ??????
???? ???? ?'??? ?? ?????, ???? ??????? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? 28 ????. ????, ???? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????, ???? ?'????, ??? ??????? ???.
??? ???????????? ???????? ?
??? ?-21
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?
?????????? ????? (2000)
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???: ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?
?????? ???????
??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????????
???? ????
??? ??????? ???, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??.
?
?????????? ????? (2004)
??? ???????? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ???. ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???. ???? ???????? ????, ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ???. ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????-?'????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???.
?
?????????? ????'??? (2008)
??? ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???.
?????????? ?????? (2012)
????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?? 13 ??????, ??? 5 ?????? ???. ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???????: ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???. ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? (????? ????? ??-2016 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
??????
) ????? ?????????, ??'?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???.
???? ???????
???? ?????
??? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????, ?????? ???, ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????.
???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?
??????
????? ???????? (???? ?????), ?????? ??? ????? (???? ?????), ?
?????
???? ????? (???? ????), ???? ????????? ???? ???? (???? ?????) ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???'?????? (???? ?????).
?????????? ??? ?? ?'????? (2016)
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??
?????????? ??? ?? ?'????? (2016)
????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?? 8 ??????, ??? 3 ?????? ???. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???
??? ????
??? ????????? ????? ?? ?? 85 ?"? - 396 ?"?. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ?????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????: ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???, ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ???????, ?????? ???, ???? ????? ?????????
????? ???????
?????, ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????.
???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?'????? ???? ?? ????? ???'???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?
???
, ??????? ???? ????? (???? ????? ???? ????? ?????) ???'?? ?????? (???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????) ?
????? ?????? ???????
??????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ?
??????
. ?
????
???? ?????
, ??????? ?
???? ??????
????? ?
?????? ???????????? ?????? (2012)
, ?????? ?? ??????? ???, ????? ??
???? ???????
?
??? ??????
?? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? 1996.
???? ??'???
????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? 10,000 ?'. ????
2021
??? ???? ??? ??????.
?????????? ?????
??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????
?????????? ??????? ?'????? (1956)
. ??? ?????? ???????? ?-9 ??????????? ???? ??????, ???
1964
?-
1976
????
1998
. ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????,
??? ??????
?
??? ???????
, ??? ??? ??????? ?????.
???
?????? ????????
?-
1979
(??????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?
?????????? ?????
?-
1988
), ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????
???????
.
?
?????????? ????? (2004)
????? ?
?'?????
???? ???-????????
??????? ?????? ?????? ???
???? ???
. ???-????????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???-???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????-???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?
???????
. ???? ??????? ?????? ??
????? ?????
???? ?? 125 ??? ??????, ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???.
[1]
?
?????????? ????'??? (2008)
, ???? ?
?????
????? ???-???? ????? ???????? ?-100 ????? ?
????? ???
, ?? ????? ??
??? ????
. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???-???? ???
[2]
. ??? ?? ???, ????? ??????????, ?????
????? ??????? ?? ?????
???
????? ?????
, ???? ???? ???????
??????? ????
.
?????
?????????? ?????? (2012)
????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
[3]
, ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.
[4]
. ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????.
???????????? ????:
[5]
????? ????:
[6]