?????? ??????
?????? ??????
?
??? ?????'??
(?
??????
:
Edward I
;
17 ?????
1239
?
7 ?????
1307
), ???
??? ??????
?????
1272
?1307.
?????? ??? ??? ????? ??
???? ??????, ??? ??????
. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????. ?-
1259
??? ??????? ????? ????? ??"????? ????????" ?????? ???? ???. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
????? ??????? ??????
. ????
??? ????
????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????
????? ?????? ?? ??????
?
??? ?????
????
1265
. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??
??????
??? ?????? ?
??? ???? ??????
?
??? ?????
????
1270
. ?-
1272
, ????? ????? ???? ???????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??????? ?-
1274
?
?????
?
???? ?????????
.
?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??
???? ??????
. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
?????????
. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??
????? ??????
???
???? ??????
. ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????.???? ?
?'????? ?? ??????'
???? ?????? ?????? ?
????? ??????
, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
1276
?-
1277
. ????? ????? ?'????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?
???????'
, ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ?-
1282
??? ???? ?????
?????' ?? ??????'
?
???
??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ?
?????
?????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ????
?????
??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??
??????
. ???? ???? ??
?????, ????? ?????????
, ????? ?????? ???? ?
????
?????? ?????? ???? ?
?????
. ??? ??? ?
????????
???????? ?? ???????, ??? ????, ?? ?????? ?????
????? ??????? ??????? ???????
?????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?
????? ?? ????
(?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????), ???? ?
????? ??????, ??? ????
, ????? ??
?????? ???????
. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ?-1307 ?????? ????,
?????? ????
, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?
??????
???? ?
???? ?? ????? ??????
.
????
?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????
???
???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
??? ???????
????
?????
, ?
???????????
???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ?????
????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????
1290
.
?????? ???? ?
????? ?????????
????? ????
17
?-
18 ?????
1239
, ?
???? ??????, ??? ??????
????????
?????? ???????
.
[1]
??? ?????? ??? ??
?????-??????
, ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ??????
. ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ?????
?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?
????
.
[2]
????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????
?????
????? ???? ???? ??? ?
???? ?????????
.
[3]
??? ???? ??? ???? ??? "????? ??????" ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?-
1272
.
[4]
??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????
???? ???????
(
??'
)
, ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????
???'?? ????????
.
[5]
??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? - ???? ??
?? ?????
?????
?????? ?????
(
??'
)
- ?? ??????????? ??'? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?-
1246
.
[6]
?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
[7]
??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ?-1246,
1247
?-
1251
.
[5]
?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???,
?????
??????. ????? ?? 1.88
???
??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????,
[8]
????? ?
?????
"Longshanks", ????? "
??????
??????" ?? "
??????
??????". ?
???????????
????? ????????'
(
??'
)
??'?? ?'????? ?????? ?? "
????????
??????? ???? ?? ????? ?
????
,
??????
?????? ??? ?
???
. ????????,
?????
??????? ???
????????
; ?
??????
??? ???, ????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?
????
?????
????
...
??????
[...] ??? ?????."
[9]
[10]
????
1254
??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
??????????
?????
???????
????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????
???????
???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?
?????? ????????
?? ????? ????, ????? ????? ??
??????? ??????, ??? ???????
.
[11]
?? ????? ?-
1 ???????
1254 ?
???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????
????????.
[12]
???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? 15,000 ????
(
??'
)
????.
[13]
[?]
???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
???????
(
??'
)
?-
1279
???????? ????? ?? ?????.
[14]
???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1254, ???? ???????; ??? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????;
[15]
??????? ???? ??????? ????????.
[16]
?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????.
????? ?????? ?? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?"???? ???????? ????? ??????".
[17]
???? 1254 ??
1257
??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?
??? ?????
,
[18]
?????? ???? ???
?????? ????, ???? ?????
, ???? ?? ?????.
[19]
???? 1257 ????? ?????? ?????? ?
?????????
(
??'
)
, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?? ????
(
??'
)
.
[?]
?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ??? ??'?? ????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.
[21]
??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.
?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????
1255
, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? 1258 ????? ?????
???????
???? ??????? ????? ???? - ????? "????? ????????" - ?????? ????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????
1259
??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???'?? ?? ?????, ??-15 ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????.
[22]
????
1261
??? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????
???? ??????
, ????? ??? ?? ??????
???? ?????
. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?-
1263
.
?-
1264
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?
??? ????
(Lewes)
(
??'
)
, ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ?
??? ?????
(
??'
)
, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ?-
1267
.
?-
1270
??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?
??? ???? ??????
, ???? ?
??????? ??????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????
??? ???
????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?
??????
?
??????
?????
, ???? ????? ?????? ??????
????? ???????
, ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??
???????
??? ????? ??? ????? ??????
?????
. ????? 1270 ????? ???? ?????? ?
???????
??????, ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?
???
?? ??? ????
1271
, ???? ??? ?? 100 ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?
??? ???? ??????
. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?? ????
????? ??
?? ?????. ?????
1272
???? ????? ??? ?
???????
?
?????
????? ?? ??????, ?? ????, ?????? ????? ????????.
???????, ?? ??????? 1272 ???? ????. ??? ??? ????, ???????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
????? ??????
. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?-
1274
?
?????
???? ?
?????? ?????????
?? ???
????? ?????????
,
?????????? ????????
. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? "??????" ??? ???? ??? "?????? ??????" ?????? ????
?????? ???????
"??????" ?????
?????? ???????
.
????
1267
, ???? ???? ???? ??????, ????
???? ?????????
???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??????
?'????? ?? ??????'
?????? ??? "??? ????", ????? ?? ?????? ??
????? ?????
????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
???? ?????
, ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?
???? ????
???? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??'????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?
?????????
. ?-
1275
????
??????
????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?'?????.
???? ??'????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?
????? ??????
, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
1276
?-
1277
. ????? ????? ?'????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?
???????'
, ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ?-
1282
??? ???? ?????
?????' ?? ??????'
?
???
??? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????-???? ?????, ??????? ?? ???? ??'????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?'????? ????. ?'????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? (????? ????
?????
?? ?????) ????? ?????' ????, ????? ????? ?
?????, ????? ??????
. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????.
?????? ???? ????
?????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???
????? ???? ?????
, ??????? ?????? ?????
???? ????????
, ????? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ?????
??????
?? ?????
????? ???????
, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.
???? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ??????, ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????,
?????, ????? ?????????
, ???? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????.
?????? ??? ?
?'?? ??????
?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ?'?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??-
1293
??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????.
?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??, ????? ?? ????
???? ??? ??????
???? ???????, ?????? ?
?????
?
????????
. ????????? ??? ???? ??
??? ????
?????? ?
?????? ?????????
, ?? ???? ?????
?? ?????? ?????
. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?-
1308
???
1996
, ?? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?
????? ??????
, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????
1299
, ?????? ????? ????????? ?
????
. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????
????? ??????
???????, ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????
????? ????
.
?-
1297
??? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?????
?????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?'?? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ?
??? ???????
. ????? ????? ??????? ????
1305
, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?
?????, ????? ??????
.
?????? ???? ???? ??
????? ??????
?
????? ???????
?????? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?? ?-
1307
????? ?????? ?
????? ?? ????
????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?
???????
. ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???
?????? ????
.
??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ?-
1286
???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? (????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????). ????
1295
, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? (?????? ??
?????? ???????
), ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????.
???? ?? ????? ??? "??????? ??????", ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????: ???????, ??????, ??????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????.
?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????
??????????
?? ???????, ???? ?? ?
??????
???? ????, ?????
????
, ????? ???? ??
????? ??????
.
?????? ??, ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?
?'?????
???
????? ?????
(
??'
)
, ???? ????? ?????.
??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???
??? ???????
.
??? ????????? ?????? ?-
1275
???? ???? 51 ????? ??????, ???? ??? ??
???? ????
, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?
???
??
???
, ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?
??????
?????? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????.
???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
??? ????? ?
????? ????? ??????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?
?????? ??????
?
??????
. ??????? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??
??????
??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????
???? ????
?????
????? ?????
: "?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????." ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??-
1278
????? ?-300 ??? ?
????? ??????
?????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?????, ????
1290
, ??????
???? ?? ?? ???????
???????; ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 350 ??? ??????, ?? ?
?????? ???????
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- Edward Plantagenet: The English Justinian or the Making of Common Law
, by Edward Jenks, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1969 [1902]
- The Life and Times of Edward I
, by John Chancellor, London: Book Club Associates, 1981
- The Lord Edward's oath to aid and counsel Simon de Montfort, 15 October 1259
, by David Carpenter, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research.
58
, 1985
- The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066?1284
, by David Carpenter, London: Penguin Books, 2004
- Edward I
, by Michael Prestwich, English Monarchs, London: Guild Publishing, 1988
- Plantagenet England: 1225?1360
, by Michael Prestwich, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005
- Edward I
, by Michael Prestwich, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008
- A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain
, by Marc Morris, New York: Pegasus Books, 2015 [2009]
- The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty
, by J.S. Hamilton, Continuum, 2010
- Edward I and the Governance of England, 1272?1307
, by Caroline Burt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013
- ???????? ??????, ?????? ????????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????
(???????)
- ?????? ??????, ??? ??????
, ???? "
Find a Grave
"
(???????)
- ?????? ??????, ??? ??????
, ????
??????????? ????????
(???????)
?????? ?-1, (1239-1307), ??? ??????
, ?? ??? ?
?????? ???????
- ?????? ??????, ??? ??????
, ????
???????????? ????????? ???????
(???????)
- ^
Morris 2009
, p. 2.
- ^
Morris 2009
, pp. 3?4.
- ^
Jenks 1902
, p. 74.
- ^
Burt 2013
, p. 75.
- ^
1
2
Prestwich 1988
, p. 6.
- ^
Hamilton 2010
, p. 51.
- ^
Chancellor 1981
, p. 27.
- ^
Carpenter 2004
, p. 467.
- ^
Prestwich 2008
.
- ^
Chancellor 1981
, p. 92.
- ^
Morris 2009
, p. 18.
- ^
Morris 2009
, p. 20.
- ^
Prestwich 1988
, p. 10.
- ^
Prestwich 1988
, p. 316.
- ^
Carpenter 2004
, p. 362.
- ^
Prestwich 2005
, p. 34.
- ^
Hamilton 2010
, p. 52.
- ^
Prestwich 2005
, p. 96.
- ^
Morris 2009
, p. 7.
- ^
Prestwich 1988
, p. 21.
- ^
Prestwich 1988
, p. 23.
- ^
Carpenter 1985
.