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- ???? ???
(shield cone) ? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?
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: Skjaldbreiður, ???????? "
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[8]
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(???????: a?a? ? ??? ????? ???? ????) ? ??? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????.
[8]
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[9]
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): 0-1
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5
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[2]
?????, ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????, ?????
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???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????
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?????? ???????
??????.
[12]
?? ???, ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????. ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? 1930, ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???????? ????, ???? 2002, ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? 13,000 ???? ???? ?????-????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????
??????
.
[13]
???? 2007 ????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???.
[14]
????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
????? "??????? ?????????????" ???? ?? ??? ?
?????????
?
??????
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(Giuseppe Mercalli), ????? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????.
[15]
????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?
????????
??? ????? 1943 - 1952 ??
?? ?????
,
[16]
????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1972.
- ?????? ???????
[11]
- ????? (
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): 1-2
- ???? ???? ???????: 100 - 1,000 ?'
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5
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7
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? ?? ???, ??? ?????????, ??? ?
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. ????? "??????? ????????" ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?'???? ??????. ????? 1888 - 1890 ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????: "?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????...",
[17]
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??.
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?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????-?????? ???? "??????? ?????-???????". ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?
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???? ????
?????? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
[18]
?????? ????? ??? ?-100 ??? ???? ????????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ???? ?-1888 ?????? 19 ??????. ????? ??? ?????
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[19]
- ?????? ???????
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- ????? (
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): 2-3
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6
?? 10
8
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"??? ???", ???????? ?-1903
??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???
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[20]
- ???
?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?
????? ???????????
???????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? 1902 ????? ?? ???? ??-????. ???????? ?? ????? 30,000 ??? ???, ???? ??? ????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ?
?????
. ???? ??? ??????? "??? ???" -
??? ????
????? ????? ?? 100 - 150 ?' ?????? ?? ?-300 ?', ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????.
[21]
- ???????????
??? ????? ???? ?? ???????????
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???????????
(Santiaguito), ????? ????? ?? ?? ????
???? ????
?
???????
.
[22]
??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? 1902 ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?-500 ???. ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?
?????? ????
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24 ????????
1902, ????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? 5.5 ?"? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? 273 ??? ??"? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?
?? ????????
, ???? ?-4,000 ?"? ????. ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????-????? ?? ???, ???????
?????
?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 300 ?'. ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ??????? ??? ????? ????? 5,000 ??? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?
?????
??????? ??? ???? ???. ???????? ?? 1902 ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??-1922 ??? ??????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? 1902 ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????????, ???? 1922 ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????.
[23]
- ?????? ???????
[11]
- ????? (
VEI
): 3-5
- ???? ???? ???????: 10 - 25 ?"?
- ???
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: 10
7
?? 10
9
?"?
- ??????: 10-100 ????
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?????
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???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????:
- ??????? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??
??????? ?????
, ????? ??????? ?? ???????
????
????
79
.
[2]
- ??????? ????????? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????.
??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????. ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.
[2]
??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?
??????????
??????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ??????
?????
?????? ?
???? ????
, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???.
???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??
?????
, ?????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???,
[2]
??? ???
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??????? ???????????
????? ????? ????????? ?? ????
????? ??????
, ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? 79 ???? ?? ?????
??????
?
?????????
.
[2]
???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.
????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ??? ??????. ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????
?????
. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????.
[24]
- ??????? ???? ???? 79
??? ????? ?
??????? ?? ???? ???? (79)
?????
24 ???????
79
???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???
??????? ?????
,
[2]
?????? ??
??????? ????
????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????
??????
, ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ???.
???????? ???? ?????? ???,
?????
?
???
????? ?? ??? ????? ??. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?
?????
?????? ????-????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????
??????
???????, ??? ?????
???? ??????
? ????? ???????
??????
? ??????
???? ??????
. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
??????? ??????????
???? ????? ??????? ?? ?-150 ??"? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? 20 ?????.
[25]
- ????????? ?????????? ??????
"??????? ????" ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? (Johan Christian Dahl), 1826
- ?????? ???????
[11]
- ????? (
VEI
): 5-8
- ???? ???? ???????: ???? ?-25 ?"?
- ???
????
: 10
9
?? 10
12
?"?
- ??????: 50-10,000 ????
??????? ???????:
??????? ???????,
??? ????
1980
??????? ??????????? (?
??????
????? (φρ?αp) ?
?????
??
???
),
[2]
?????? ??
??????? ?????????????
, ?????? ????
?????
???? ??? ???? ??
?? ????
?? ?? ??? ?????? (??, ??? ??
?????
).
[2]
???? ??? ?? ????? (??? 600°C ?-C1,170°) ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ??????? ?
?????
???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ???, ???, ????? ?
????? ??????
. ?
?? ??? ????
???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??
?? ????
???? 1980.
[33]
???????
?????????
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
??? ??? ?? ???
.
[34]
?-
1949
???? ?
?????????
?
???????
????? ?'???
(Thomas Jaggar) ?????? ?? ?"??????? ?????-????????".
[35]
????????? ???????? ??????, ???? ???, ????? ?????
?????
, ????? ?????? ?????
???
.
[2]
?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????, ???? ??
??????
. ????????? ??? ?????? ??????
??? ????
??????
???
.
[36]
?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ??-?????
??
???? ??????
. ?????? ???? ????? ?
???
???????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?? ????. ?-1979 ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? 149 ????? ???
?'????
, ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.
[37]
?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?
???????
???????
?-1883, ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????. ??? ????
???????
??
?????
???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????: ???? 1924 ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?-8 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???.
[38]
??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
????
?
?????????
?-1965,
[39]
???????? ?? ????
??????
?
???
?-1982.
[40]
???? ??? ?
??????
???? ??? ?
?????
???????
, ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????
??????? ??????-?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????.
[2]
????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???. ????? ???????? ????-??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????.
[41]
??????? ??????-?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????:
- ????? ???
? ???? ????? ?? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ?????-??? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?
??????????
(??? ?????) ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????.
[42]
- ????? ???
? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???
??????
(????? ???? ????? ?????????) ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
???
.
[43]
- ???????? ???????? ?? ????????
????? ??????? ?
???????? (?? ???)
,
???????? ????????
????????
???
???????
, ??? ?
????? ??????????
?????
??? ?????
. ????? ???? ?-17 ????"? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???, ??????? ?????? VEI 6-7. ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????
?????? ????????
, ?????? ??? ?
?????
??????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????
???????
. ???????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????-???????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?-400 ???, ???? ?????
?????
?
??? ????
????? ?????? ???? ???????.
[44]
- ???????, 1991
??? ????? ?
???????
???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??
?????????
, ???? ?-500 ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?
????? ????
?????? ?? 7.8 ?
???? ?????
?
?????
?-100 ?"? ??????-?????? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? 1991, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??
??-?????? ???????
, ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????-???????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?
????? ???????????
????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?-34 ?"?. ?
??????
"?????" ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????
??????
??????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?-VEI 6.
[45]
??????? ??-????:
??? ?????????? ??????? ?
???? ????
??????? ??????? ?
??????????
, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??-??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????
??? ??? ??-?????
???? ?????? ?????????? ???-????? ??????? ???? ?
????? ???? ?????????
, ?????? ??-????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????
?????
??????
????
??????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??-????? ???? ??? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??-20 ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ???-2.5 ?"? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???.
[46]
???? ????
?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????,
??????? ????
?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?
?????? ?????
??? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ??-????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????:
- ???? ????
?? "???
????
" (pillow lava) ? ????
?????
????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.
[47]
- "
???????
????" ? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? "????".
[48]
- ???????
???? 1650 ????? ?
?? ?????
?? ???? ???-??? ???????
(Kolumbo) ????? ????????? ?????? ??????-?????? ?
????????
. ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????
????? ??????????
?
?????
?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?
?????
?????? ?????? ????? ?? 10 ?' ???? ???? ???, ?????????? ???? ???
??????
????? ??? ????? ????? 150 ?"? ????.
[49]
??????? ??????????:
??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????-?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.
[50]
?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? "?????" ??? ???? (cupressoid ash), ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ????
????
. ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????
???????
?
??????
, "??? ??
????
" ? ?
????????? ???????
: ??, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? (Muspelheim), ????? ?? ???? ???.
- ???????
??? ????? ?
???????
??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 1963?1967. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????: ???? ???? ??? ???
?????????
?
??????????
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????; ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????; ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 80 ????????? ???? ??
???? ??????
. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 130 ?' ?
?????? ???
, ?????
???? ?????-??????
.
[51]
????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
????? ?????? ???????? ?????
14 ???????
1963
??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???. ??? ??? ???-?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? 10 ?"?. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?-
5 ?????
1967
. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?
????
.
[52]
??????? ??-???????:
??? ???? ???? ???????? ???-??????? ?????? ?????? ?
?????
(
2008
)
??????? ??-??????? ?????? ???? ?
???????
?? ???? ?????? ???? ??
???
. ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? (
????? ?????
) ??????? ????, ??????? ??????? ??: ???? ???? ?
???????????
.
[53]
???????????
????????? ??-???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??-??? ?????
????
(tuya), ??? ???
?????-????
. ???? ????? ????? ??-?? ?
??????????
???? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.
[54]
?
???????????
?? ????????? ??-???????? ???? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 10 ?? ???. ?? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????.
- ??????? ?????? ???????????
?????? 2008 ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????-???????? (BAS, British Antarctic Survey) ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?
??????????
???? 2,200 ???.
[55]
????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
??"?
, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 10,000 ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ?-25,000 ??"?, ????? ????? ??? ????? 12 ?"?. ??????? ???? ???? ????? 100 ?' ???? ????, ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????.
[56]
- ?????????
?????????
(Grimsvotn) ?
??????
??? ?? ??? ??-?????? ????, ?????? ????
???? ???
. ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? (Vatnajokull) ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ????
????
??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??. ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??-????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? 2011. ??????? ????? ????? ???? 1998, ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????
??? ???
. ???? ?? ??????? ??????? 1996, ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ?????
????? ??????
????? ?? ??????, ???? ???
?????
?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???.
[57]
- ????????? ??-???????? ??????
????? ??? ??????? ?????
??? ??????? ????? (Volcanic Explosivity Index ? VEI) ???? ???? 1982 ?? ??? ???????? ?????? (Chris Newhall) ??????? ???????? ???????? (USGS) ??
??????
????? ??? (Steve Self) ?
?????????? ?????
??-??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
??? ???
.
[64]
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?
????
????? ???? ???????? ? ??? ?
???
?????? ??? ?
?????
, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ????????, ????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????.
[65]
????? ?
???? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ??
?????? ????
, ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?
????? ?????????
: ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 10 ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??, ??????? ?????? 6 ???? ???? ?? 10 ???????? ?????? 5.
???? ????? ???? 0 ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? (???? ?-10
4
????? ???????), ??????? ???? 8 ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?-10
12
????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? 25 ?"?. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????? 8 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????: ???????
???????
????? 1991 ????? ?? ??? 6 ???? ???? ?????? ?-10 ?"? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 34 ?"? ???? ????????.
????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????.
[66]
????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? 10 ??? ??? ????, ??? ?????? 1 ?-2 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 100. ???, ????? ??-?????? ??????? ????? 1 ?-2 ????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? 100, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? 10.
??? ??????? ?????
|
VEI
|
???
|
?????
|
???? ????
|
???
????
|
??????
|
???????
|
???????*
|
0
|
??????
|
????? ??? ???????
|
<100 ?'
|
<10,000 ?"? (10
4
?"?)
|
?????
|
????? ????
|
????
|
1
|
??????/?????????????
|
??????? ???
|
100-1,000 ?'
|
>10,000 ?"? (10
4
?"?)
|
?????
|
?????????
|
????
|
2
|
?????????????/???????
|
??????? ???????
|
1-5 ?"?
|
>1,000,000 ?"? (10
6
?"?)
|
??????
|
?? ???
|
3,477
|
3
|
???????/??????
|
??????? ???????
|
3-15 ?"?
|
>10,000,000 ?"? (10
7
?"?)
|
?????
|
????
|
868
|
4
|
??????
|
??????? ???
|
10-25 ?"?
|
>0.1 ?"? ????? (10
8
?"?)
|
≥10 ????
|
???
|
278
|
5
|
??????/?????????
|
??????? ???
|
>25 ?"?
|
>1 ?"? ????? (10
9
?"?)
|
≥50 ???
|
??? ????
|
84
|
6
|
?????????
|
??????? ??? ????
|
>25 ?"?
|
>10 ?"? ????? (10
10
?"?)
|
≥100 ???
|
???????
|
39
|
7
|
?????????/??????-?????????
|
??????? ??? ????
|
>25 ?"?
|
>100 ?"? ????? (10
11
?"?)
|
≥1,000 ???
|
??????
|
5 (+2 ???????)
|
8
|
?????????/??????-?????????
|
???????-??
|
>25 ?"?
|
>1,000 ?"? ????? (10
12
?"?)
|
≥10,000 ???
|
????
,
???????
|
1
|
*????? ????????? ?-10,000 ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? 1994 ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????
????'??????
.
?????? ????????? ?????? ???? 47 ????????? ????? 8 ?? ???? ?? ?
????????
?
????????
, ??? 42 ?????? ?-36 ?????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? 26,500 ??? ?
??? ?????
, ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?
??????
.
???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????: ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ??????, ??????-?? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?????, ??? VEI ???? ???-???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????.
???
???
???? ??? ?
?????
- ??? ????? ????????? (Volcano Population Index - VPI) ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?
???????????
?'?? ????? (John W. Ewert) ????????? ???? (Christopher J. Harpel) ??????? ???????? ???????? (USGS).
[67]
???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (Volcano Disaster Assistance Program - VDAP), ????? ????? ?
????
?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?-80 ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????.
- ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? (VEI) ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? LandScan
[68]
? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????-?????????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??-??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
- ??? VPI ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? VEI2 ?? VEI4 ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? VEI2 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???
????? ??????
???? ?????? ?????? ?
????
, ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? 5 ?"?. ????????? ?????? VEI5 ??? ????????? ???? ?????? VEI4 ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? 10 ?"? ?? ????. ?? ??, ???? VPI ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????: 5 ?"? (VPI
5
) ?-10 ?"? (VPI
10
). ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????: (VPI
5
) ?(VPI
10
), ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.
- ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???. ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??-???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???, ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?
??????
??????.
- ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? 1955 ?? ??? ?
??????
????? ?' ????? (H. Tsuya) ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?
????
.
[69]
- ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?
?????????
??? ?????
???? ??????
. ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? - 1,000 - ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?
???????
???? 1883, ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????
???? ?-19
.
??????
???? ??
????
?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???. ????? ???? ??? ????
??????
, ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???, ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?-2 ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????, ????????? ???? 79 ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????
?
?????????
. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????.
???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???.
???????
???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?????????? ???? 1990 ?????? ????. ?? ???, ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? 1991 ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????-??? ????? ???????. ???????? ??
??? ????
???? 1980 ?? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??.
??????? ????? ????? ?
?????? ????
??????? ?????, ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??
?? ??? ????
???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? 1980. ????? ???? ????? ???? ?-8,000 ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??
????
, ??????? ??
?????
?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?
??????
????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??
??? ??????
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???
?????-??
.
[70]
?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????.
????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????: ???,
????? ??????
, ???? ?????? ?
??? ????
. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????-?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????:
- ????? ???????????
??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? 100 ??"?, ????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ? 700 ????? ??????. ???? 1902 ????? ???? ????????? 29,000 ??? ?????? ????????
??????
???
???????
. ?????, ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? - ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? - ????? ????? ??????????.
- ????? ?????????
? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 350 ??"?.
???? ?????? ?
????
- ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?
????
. ???? 1985 ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? 23,000 ??? ?
????????
???? ??????? ?? ????
?????? ?? ?????
.
- ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ??
???????
??? ??????? ????, ????????? ?? ????
????????????????
??????? ???? 2010 ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.
- ?????
????????
- ???? ????, ??????? ??
???? ??????
, ??????? ?
?????????
??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????. ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????
??? ????
, ??????? ??? ????
???? ????
, ????? ?
???? ??????
.
??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????:
?????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ????????
- ????? ????
? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ???????
?????????
. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.
- ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? 1980 ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????.
- ????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??????
?????
?-
GPS
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
- ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????.
- ????????
??? ????
? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????.
- ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????, ????? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????. ????: ????? ????? ?
???????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ?
??????
, ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????.
- ????? ???? ???? ?
?????
? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????.
?? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ???????? ???????. ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????.
- ???? ?????,
?????? ???? ????
,
??????????? ??????
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, James Madison University
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1
2
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??? ???????,
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HAWAIIAN ERUPTIONS
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Volcanic Cones and Eruptions Lesson #8
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1
2
P?hoehoe and ?A?? Lava
- ^
Inside the Deep Caves Carved by Lava
- ^
Thermal areas on Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes, Hawaii
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
ERUPTION VARIABILITY
- ^
Strombolian Eruptions
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Tsunami generation in Stromboli island and impact on the south-east Tyrrhenian coasts
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structural features of the 2007 stromboli eruption
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Robin Gill,
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Erebus volcano
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Sizzling Sicily
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Vulcanian eruption
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Vulcano, Italy
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Violent Earth
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MT. PELEE ERUPTION
- ^
???? ???? ????????????
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PLINIAN ERUPTIONS
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?????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? 1700-1400 ????"?
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Tambora
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Will Krakatoa rock the world again?
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Eruption of Mt Tarawera Eruption of Mt Tarawera
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The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington
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What Is A Phreatic Eruption?
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Violent Mud-Volcano Eruption Of Lake City Hot Springs, Northeastern California
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Maars and Phreatic Eruptions
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Dieng Volcanic Complex, central Java, Indonesia
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The May 1924 Explosive Eruption of K?lauea
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The September 28?30, 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines
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Hydrovolcanic Landforms
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Tuff Rings and Tuff Cones
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Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627-1600 B.C.
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Overview of the Eruptions
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Recent Submarine Volcanic Eruptions
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Pillow lava
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??????? ?????-????????
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Kolumbo volcano
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A Surtseyan eruption
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Surtsey, volcanic island, emerged in 1963
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Surtsey, Iceland
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Subglacial Volcano
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??????? ????? ???????????
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?? ?????? ???????? ??-??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?-
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Katla
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