?
??? ??????
?
?????? ???????
(?
?????
, ???? ?????? ?
?????? ???????
: 北韓飢饉, ???????: "???? ??????? ???????" ??
?'???? ???
, ???? ?????? ??????? ???????: 苦難의 行軍, ???????:
"????? ????? ???????"
), ??? ??
???? ?????
?????, ????? ??? ?????
1994
?
1998
.
[1]
???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
???? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??
????????
?
??????
??? ????? ?
?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.
????? ?????? ???????
?
?????? ??????? ???????? ???
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ????????? ?? ?-22 ?????? ??????, ??? ??? 900,000 ?-3,500,000 ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????
1997
.
[2]
??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
1993
?
2000
??????? ????? ??? ?? 330,000.
[3]
????? "????? ????? ???????" ??? ?????
??????
?
??? ??????
?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-
1993
. "?????? ??????", ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
????? ??????? ?? ??????
, ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
??? ???-????
????? ????? ???? ?? ?????
?????
?????? ?
?????
. ??????, ????? "????? ????? ???????" ???? ?"????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? 20
?????
???? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ???
???
??? ?
???
, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????".
[4]
???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
??? ?????
??
???
??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????.
[5]
???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?
???????? ?? ?????? ???????
, ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?-80% ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 20% ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
????
??? ???? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.
[6]
???? ???? ???????, ????
???? ???????
, ??????? ??
?????? ?????'??
, ???? ?? ?
?????????
, ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ?-
26 ??????
1991
???? ???? ???????
???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ?????
???
????. ??? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????. ?-1991 ??? ????? ?? 75% ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???
?????
?
????? ?????
?????????.
[7]
??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??-????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????.
????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? "?????? ?????????? ??????? ??
??? ?'???-???
... ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????".
?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????
???
??????? ???? ????? ?????? "???? ??? ?????? ????".
[8]
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????' ??????????? ??????? ?
???????
"... ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?
???? ??????
??? ??????? ???? ???, ?????????? ????"
[9]
??? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?????, ??????
???
?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?-
1993
????? ??? ??????? ??????? 77% ????? ?
???
??? ?-68% ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??. ?-1993 ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?
?????
?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.
????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ?
????????
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????. ????????? ??????? ????? ????????
1995
????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? "????? ??"????".
[10]
?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 30% ???? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????.
???? ???"? ?????? ??????? ??????????
????? ?"??? ?-
30 ?????
?-
18 ???????
1995 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????, ?
???
??????? ??
????
???? ?????-??, ????? 877 ?"? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??... ???? ???? ????? ?? ????
??? ????
????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????-??? ?????? ????????
????? ???????
???? 72 ????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? 70 ???".
[11]
??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??-???????. ?? ??
???"?
, ????????? ??
1994
?-
1995
?????? ?-1.5 ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?
??????? ????? ????? ???????
??
????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ?-1.2 ??????? ????? (?? 12%) ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1995 ??? ?????????.
[12]
?-
1996
????? ???????? ?????? ??-
1997
??????
??????
.
??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???
????? ??? ?????????????
, ?????
???
?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? 85% ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????.
[13]
????? ???"? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
1995
?
1997
?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? 24 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????... ???? ????? ????? ?"?????? ?????? ??????? ??
??? ??? ????????
" (Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization)... ?-70% ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
1996
?-1997 (????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????) ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????) ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 20% ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.
?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?-
1996
???? ?????? ?"?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?
????
???? ??? ?????? ????? ???".
[14]
??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 50% ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????. ????? ?
??-?????
???? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?? 3.21% ?-
1987
, 14% ?-
1997
?-7% ?-
2002
.
[15]
??????? ?
???????
??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????
. ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?"?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????".
[16]
???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-????????, ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 89%. ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????.
???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?-41 ????? ?-1,000 ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???
?????
,
???????
?????
????
???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?
????????
.
[17]
?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?-12% ????? ?? 0.28 ????? ????? ????? ?????.
[18]
?????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.
????? ??????? ??????
????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? 93 ???? ???? ??? 1,000 ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? 23 ??? 1,000 ???????.
[19]
???? ????? ??????? ????? ???-????? ????? ????? ?????? ?
????
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
??????? ???? ????????
?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.
[20]
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? "????'??" (꽃제비).
[21]
?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????
????? ?????? ???????
???????
1957
.
[22]
????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? (????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? 600 ??? ????? ???? ?"??? ???????"):
[23]
- ????? ?????? ???????: 900 ??? ????
- ?????? ??????: 700 ??? ????
- ??????: 300 ??? ????
- ????? 2?4: 200 ??? ????
??? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ????? ?? 62% ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?-
1997
???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?-6% ?????? ?????? ???????. ?-
1987
?????? ???? ????? ?-10%, ?-
1992
??? ????? ?? 10% ??????, ?-
1994
?????? ???? ????? ?-450 ??? ???? ?-400 ??? ???? ??-1997 ?????? ???? ????? ?-128 ??? ????.
???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?-167 ?"? ?-108 ?"?. ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? "?????? ???????" ??? ?????? ?????. ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ????.
[24]
????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ??
?????"?
????
1997
??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???
??? ??? ??
,
??? ???
,
???????
, ????? ?????,
?????
, ?????
?????
????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????
????????
???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?
????? ???
?
???????????
.
????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????
1994
?
1998
???? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? 800,000 ?-1,500,000 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????.
[25]
?-
1998
?????? ????? ??
??????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ??????? ???????: "?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? 300,000 ?? 800,000 ????? ????, ?????? ??? ?-
1997
. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 900,000 ?? 2,400,000 ???? ??? ?????
1995
? 1998". ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? 2,000,000 ?-3,000,000 ????.
[2]
??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 2,500,000 ?? 3,000,000 ???? ?-
1995
??? ???
1998
, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????.
[26]
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
?????? ????? ???? ??????,
????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
??? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (
???????
) ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????. ?????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????????, ????? ???? ????????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???
[27]
. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????
[28]
.
???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? 250,000 ???? ???????? ???? ????. ???
??? ???? ??????
,
?????? ??
, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
?????????
.
???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? "??????? ?????" (?????????: 써非車), ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????.
[29]
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????,
????? ???
.
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????
??? ????
. ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?"???? ????? ?? ?
????????
????? ???????".
[30]
??????? ??????? ?????? ?-
2011
????? ???? ??? ?-2
????
, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 15 ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.
[31]
???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
1990
????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?
?????? ???????
????? ??
?????"?
. ???????
1995
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?
???? ????????
?
?????? ??????????
????? ????? ??? (???? ???? ????? ????? ????):
[32]
?????? ??????
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
2007
|
2008
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
??"?
|
?????? ???????
|
150
|
3
|
60
|
48
|
12
|
352
|
198
|
458
|
542
|
407
|
493
|
80
|
431
|
59
|
|
23
|
|
3,314
|
???
|
|
100
|
150
|
151
|
201
|
280
|
420
|
330
|
212
|
132
|
451
|
207
|
264
|
|
116
|
|
|
3,015
|
????? ?????
|
|
22
|
193
|
231
|
589
|
351
|
319
|
222
|
47
|
105
|
28
|
|
|
171
|
121
|
1
|
|
2,400
|
?????
|
394
|
380
|
501
|
361
|
198
|
248
|
571
|
168
|
143
|
201
|
125
|
20
|
26
|
145
|
61
|
71
|
47
|
3,661
|
??"?
|
544
|
505
|
904
|
791
|
1,000
|
1,231
|
1,508
|
1,178
|
944
|
845
|
1,097
|
307
|
721
|
375
|
298
|
95
|
47
|
12,390
|
??? ????
1996
????
????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????
?????? ????? ???????
(World Food Programme) ?? ???"? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?-
1999
, ???? ???? 600,000 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??. ?????? ??????? ??
?'???' ???? ???
????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?-320,000 ????? ?-
2001
?-28,000 ?-
2005
.
[33]
???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? "???? ????" ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?
??? ???????
?? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ??
??????? ????????? ?????? ????????
??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? "????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????".
?????? ???????
(???? ????? ?????? ??
?? ?????-???
) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?-
2005
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????.
[34]
????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?-
2006
????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? 500,000 ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????.
[35]
?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???, ????? ?????,
???
,
?????? ???????
??????? ?????. ?-
2002
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.
?????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-21
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
[36]
[37]
?-
2012
???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????.
????? ????? ??? ?-2.7 ??????? ????? ?-
1997
?-4.2 ??????? ????? ?-
2004
. ?-
2008
????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?-
2007
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
[38]
?-
2011
, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????
???? ????? ?????
?????,
?'??? ????
, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???-????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?-1,400 ?-700
???????
(??? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 2,000 ?? 2,500 ???????).
[39]
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????
2010
????? ??? ?????.
[40]
?-
2012
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?-3 ?? 8 ?"? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
[41]
?-45% ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?
?? ?????
?????????? ???? ?????'?? ???? ??????.
[42]
??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ??
??? ???-????
???
??? ?'???-???
.
[43]
?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? "????? ??????" ??????
2012
, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?'???-??? ??????
2011
, ??? ?-20,000 ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????-??.
[44]
?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????
2013
???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????-?? ??? ???? ?-10,000 ??? ????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
????????
.
[45]
?? ?? ?? ??, ???? 2013 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??-????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????.
[46]
?-
2016
?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???"? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???
2008
.
[47]
????? ???? ????? ?-2016 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??
?????? ???????
?????.
[48]
- ^
Hagard, Stephan and Noland, Marcus (2007). Famine in North Korea: markets, aid and reform. Columbia University Press:New York
- ^
1
2
Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures, Institute for International Economics.
- ^
Daniel Goodkind; Loraine West; Peter Johnson (28 March 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993-2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
- ^
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