Joseph Stalin
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13 ga Afirilu, 1951 - 5 ga Maris, 1953
12 ga Yuni, 1950 - 5 ga Maris, 1953
20 ga Yuni, 1947 - 12 ga Afirilu, 1951
15 ga Maris, 1946 - 5 ga Maris, 1953 -
Georgy Malenkov
(en)
→
12 ga Maris, 1946 - 11 ga Yuni, 1950
19 ga Yuli, 1941 - 25 ga Faburairu, 1946
←
Semyon Timoshenko
(en)
-
Nikolai Bulganin
(en)
→
6 Mayu 1941 - 15 ga Maris, 1946
←
Vyacheslav Molotov
(en)
15 ga Yuli, 1938 - 19 ga Yuni, 1947
17 ga Janairu, 1938 - unknown value
12 ga Janairu, 1938 - 11 ga Maris, 1946
3 ga Afirilu, 1922 - 16 Oktoba 1952
←
Vyacheslav Molotov
(en)
-
Nikita Khrushchev
(en)
→
3 ga Afirilu, 1922 - 5 ga Maris, 1953
25 ga Maris, 1919 - 5 ga Maris, 1953
29 Nuwamba, 1917
(Julian)
- 25 ga Maris, 1919
10 Oktoba 1917
(Julian)
- 23 Oktoba 1917
(Julian)
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Rayuwa
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Cikakken suna
|
????? ?????????? ?? ?????????
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Haihuwa
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Gori
(en)
, 18 Disamba 1878
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?asa
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Russian Empire
(en)
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
(en)
Kungiyar Sobiyet
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Mazauni
|
Narym
(en)
Turukhansk
(en)
Solvychegodsk
(en)
Novaya Uda, Irkutsk Oblast
(en)
Saint-Petersburg
Baku
Moscow
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Harshen uwa
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Yaren Jojiya
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Mutuwa
|
Kuntsevo Dacha
(en)
, 5 ga Maris, 1953
|
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Makwanci
|
Kremlin Wall Necropolis
(en)
Lenin's Mausoleum
(en)
|
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Yanayin mutuwa
|
Sababi na ainihi
(
cerebral hemorrhage
(en)
)
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?an uwa
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Mahaifi
|
Besarion Jughashvili
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Mahaifiya
|
Keke Geladze
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Abokiyar zama
|
Ekaterina Svanidze
(en)
(16 ga Yuli, 1906 - 18 Disamba 1907)
Nadezhda Alliluyeva
(en)
(1918 - 9 Nuwamba, 1932)
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Ma'aurata
|
Lidiya Pereprygina
(en)
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Yara
|
|
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Ahali
|
Joseph Davrichachvili
(en)
,
Mikhail Jughashvili
(en)
da
Giorgi Jughashvili
(en)
|
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Yare
|
Stalin family
(en)
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Karatu
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Makaranta
|
Gori school
(en)
(1888 -
ga Yuni, 1894)
Tbilisi Theological Seminary
(en)
(Satumba 1894 -
29 Mayu 1899)
|
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Harsuna
|
Yaren Jojiya
Rashanci
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Sana'a
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Sana'a
|
?an siyasa
,
revolutionary
(en)
,
dan jarida mai ra'ayin kansa
,
statesperson
(en)
da
linguist
(en)
|
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|
Tsayi
|
1.68 m da 163 cm
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Wurin aiki
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Saint-Petersburg
da
Moscow
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Employers
|
organ of state
(en)
Tbilisi Observatory
(en)
(Disamba 1899 -
21 ga Maris, 1901
)
Brdzola
(en)
(Satumba 1901 -
Pravda
(en)
(1912 -
1913
)
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Kyaututtuka
|
gani
- Hero of the Soviet Union
(26 ga Yuni, 1945)
Hero of Socialist Labour
(20 Disamba 1939)
Order of Victory
(29 ga Yuli, 1944)
Order of Victory
(26 ga Yuni, 1945)
Order of Lenin
(20 Disamba 1939)
Order of Lenin
(26 ga Yuni, 1945)
Order of Lenin
(20 Disamba 1949)
Order of the Red Banner
(27 Nuwamba, 1919)
Order of the Red Banner
(13 ga Faburairu, 1930)
Order of the Red Banner
(3 Nuwamba, 1944)
Order of Suvorov, 1st class
(6 Nuwamba, 1943)
Order of the Red Star
(18 ga Augusta, 1922)
Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"
(1 Mayu 1944)
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941?1945"
(Mayu 1945)
Medal "For the Victory over Japan"
(Oktoba 1945)
Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"
(1943)
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
(1947)
Order of the Republic
(1943)
Czechoslovak War Cross 1939?1945
(1943)
Order of Sukhbaatar
(1945)
Czechoslovak War Cross 1939?1945
(1945)
Collar of the Order of the White Lion
(20 ga Yuni, 1945)
Order of Sukhbaatar
(17 Disamba 1949)
Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic
(17 Disamba 1949)
Medal "For the Victory over Japan" of Mongolia
(1945)
Time Person of the Year
(1939)
Time Person of the Year
(1942)
honorary citizen of Prague
Honorary citizenship of ?eske Bud?jovice
honorary citizen of Chrudim
Order of the Red Banner
honorary citizen of Budapest
(1948)
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Ayyanawa daga
|
gani
- [[
Nobel Peace Prize
(en)
]]
(1945)
[[
Nobel Peace Prize
(en)
]]
(1948)
|
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Wanda ya ja hankalinsa
|
Karl Marx
da
Vladimir Lenin
|
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Mamba
|
Academy of Sciences of the USSR
(en)
Council of Ministers of the USSR
(en)
All-Russian Central Executive Committee
(en)
Council of People's Commissars
(en)
Revolutionary Military Council
(en)
Revolutionary Military Council
(en)
Orgburo
(en)
All-Union Society of Old Bolsheviks
(en)
|
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Fafutuka
|
Marxism?Leninism
(en)
|
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Sunan mahaifi
|
Сталин, Staline da Koba
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Aikin soja
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Fannin soja
|
Red Army
(en)
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Digiri
|
Marshal of the Soviet Union
(en)
Generalissimus of the Soviet Union
(en)
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Ya fa?aci
|
Russian Civil War
(en)
Battle of Moscow
(en)
Yakin Duniya na I
Yakin Duniya na II
Polish?Soviet War
(en)
Eastern Front
(en)
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
(en)
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Imani
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Addini
|
mulhidanci
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Jam'iyar siyasa
|
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(en)
Mesame Dasi
(en)
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
(en)
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik)
(en)
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IMDb
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nm0821672
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Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
[lower-alpha 1]
(an haife shi a
Ioseb Besaronis dze Jughashvili
; [lower-alpha 4] 18 December [
-5 ga watan Maris shekarata alif 1953) ?an asalin Georgia ne
[lower-alpha 2]
jagoran juyin juya halin Soviet kuma jagoran siyasa wanda ya jagoranci
Tarayyar Soviet
daga shekarata alif 1924 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar alif 1953. Ya rike madafun iko a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet (1922-1952) da Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet (1941-1953). Da farko yana mulkin ?asar a matsayin wani ?angare na jagoranci gama gari, ya ?arfafa ikon ya zama ?an kama-karya a shekarun 1930. A akida yana manne da fassarar Marxism na Leninist, ya tsara wa?annan ra'ayoyin a matsayin Marxism?Leninism, yayin da nasa manufofin ake kira Stalinism.
[2]
An haife shi a gidan matalauta a Gori a cikin Daular Rasha (Now
Georgia
), Stalin ya halarci Makarantar Ruhaniya ta Tbilisi kafin ya shiga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Labour Party ta Marxist. Ya gyara jaridar jam'iyyar,
Pravda
, kuma ya tara ku?a?e ga bangaren Bolshevik na
Vladimir Lenin
ta hanyar fashi, sace-sacen mutane da kuma kariya. An kama shi akai-akai, ya yi gudun hijira na cikin gida da yawa zuwa Siberiya. Bayan da Bolsheviks suka kwace mulki a juyin juya halin Oktoba kuma suka kafa kasa mai jam'iyya daya a karkashin sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a 1917, Stalin ya shiga ?ungiyar ta Politburo. Yin hidima a yakin basasa na Rasha kafin ya jagoranci kafa Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1922, Stalin ya karbi jagorancin kasar bayan mutuwar Lenin a 1924 . A karkashin Stalin, socialism in one country ya zama jigon akidar jam'iyyar.
[3]
A sakamakon tsare-tsarensa na shekaru biyar, ?asar ta samu hada-hadar noma da habaka masana'antu cikin sauri, ta samar da tsarin tattalin arziki (Centralised economy) Tsanani mai tsanani ga samar da abinci ya haifar da yunwa na 1930-33 wanda ya kashe miliyoyin. Don kawar da "ma?iyan ma'aikata" da ake zargi, Stalin ya kafa Great purge, wanda aka daure fiye da miliyan guda, mafi yawa a cikin tsarin Gulag na sansanin aikin tilastawa, kuma a?alla 700,000 akshekarar tsakanin shekarar alif 1934 da 1939. Ya zuwa 1937, yana da cikakken iko a kan jam'iyya da gwamnati.
Stalin ya ha?aka Marxism-Leninism a ?asashen waje ta hanyar gurguzu ta ?asa da ?asa kuma ya goyi bayan ?ungiyoyin anti-fascist na Turai a cikin shekarar alif 1930s, musamman a cikin Ya?in Basasa na
Spain
. A cikin shekarar alif 1939, gwamnatinsa ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rashin cin zali da Jamusanci, wanda ya haifar da mamayewar Soviet a
Poland
.
[4]
Jamus ta kawo karshen yarjejeniyar ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta alif 1941. Duk da bala'o'i na farko, Rundunar Sojan Soviet Red Army ta fatattaki mamayewar Jamus tare da kwace Berlin a 1945, wanda ya kawo karshen
yakin duniya na biyu
a Turai. A cikin yakin, Soviets sun mamaye jihohin Baltic da Bessarabia da Arewacin Bukovina, daga bisani kuma suka kafa gwamnatocin Tarayyar Soviet a duk tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma wasu sassan Gabashin Asiya. Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka sun fito a matsayin manyan kasashen duniya kuma sun shiga lokacin tashin hankali, yakin cacar baki. Stalin ya jagoranci sake gina Soviet bayan yakin basasa da ha?aka bam ?in atomic a 1949. A cikin wa?annan shekaru, ?asar ta sake fuskantar wani babban yunwa da ya?in neman za?e wanda ya kai ga makircin likitocin. Bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekara ta 1953, a ?arshe Nikita Khrushchev ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya ya yi tir da mulkinsa kuma ya ?addamar da rushewar al'ummar Soviet.
An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ?aya daga cikin manyan ?ididdiga na karni na 20, Stalin ya kasance batu na ?abi'a mai zurfi a cikin ?ungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist na duniya, wanda ya girmama shi a matsayin zakara na ajin aiki da zamantakewa. Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, Stalin ya ci gaba da samun karbuwa a Rasha da Jojiya a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a lokacin yakin wanda ya tabbatar da matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin mai jagorancin duniya. Akasin haka, an kwatanta gwamnatinsa a matsayin mai mulkin kama -karya, kuma an yi Allah wadai da shi saboda sa ido kan zalunci, kawar da kabilanci, korar mutane da yawa, kisa da dubban daruruwan mutane, da yunwa da ta kashe miliyoyin mutane.
Stalin an haife shi a garin Gori na Jojiya, sannan wani yanki na Tiflis Governorate na Daular Rasha kuma ?an gida ga gamayyar al'ummomin Georgian, Azeri,
Armeniya
, Rashanci, da Yahudawa.
An haife shi a ranar 18 December
[lower-alpha 3]
kuma an yi masa baftisma a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba.
Sunansa na haihuwarsa Ioseb Besaronis dze Jughashvili, [lower-alpha 4] kuma ana masa la?abi da "Soso", ?an ta?aitaccen " Ioseb". Iyayensa sune Besarion Jughashvili da Ekaterine Geladze. Shi ne ?ansu tilo da ya rayu a baya suna ?anana.
Besarion ma’aikacin sana’a ne wanda aka yi masa aiki a wani taron bita mallakar wani mutum; Da farko nasara ce ta ku?i amma daga baya ta fa?i cikin raguwa, kuma dangi sun sami kansu suna rayuwa cikin talauci. Besarion ya zama mashayi ya bugu da matarsa da dansa. Ekaterine da Stalin sun bar gida a shekara ta 1883 kuma suka fara rayuwa mai yawo, suna tafiya cikin dakuna daban-daban guda tara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin shekarar 1886, sun ?aura zuwa gidan wani abokin dangi, Uba Christopher Charkviani. Ekaterine ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsabtace gida da wanki kuma ta kuduri aniyar tura danta makaranta.
A cikin watan Satumba 1888, Stalin ya yi rajista a Makarantar Cocin Orthodox Gori,
wurin da Charkviani ya tsare. Ko da yake ya shiga fadace-fadace da yawa, Stalin ya yi fice a fannin ilimi, ya nuna hazaka a fannin zane-zane da azuzuwan wasan kwaikwayo,
ya rubuta wakarsa,
da rera waka a matsayin mawaka. Stalin ya fuskanci matsalolin lafiya da yawa:
Cutar sankarau
ta 1884 ta bar shi da tabo a fuska; kuma yana da shekaru 12 ya ji rauni mai tsanani lokacin da wani phaeton ya buge shi, mai yiwuwa dalilin rashin lafiyar rayuwa a hannun hagunsa.
A cikin watan Agusta 1894, Stalin ya shiga cikin Makarantar Ruhaniya ta Orthodox a Tiflis, wanda ya ba shi damar yin karatu a cikin ragi. Ya shiga cikin limamai masu horarwa 600 wa?anda suka hau can,
kuma ya sami manyan maki. Ya ci gaba da rubuta wakoki; biyar daga cikin wa?o?insa, a kan jigogi kamar yanayi, ?asa da kishin ?asa, an buga su a ?ar?ashin sunan "Soselo" a cikin jaridar
Ilia Chavchavadze
ta
Iveria
(
Jojiya
). A cewar masanin tarihin Stalin Simon Sebag Montefiore, sun zama "?ananan ?wararrun Georgian"
kuma an ha?a su a cikin tarihin wa?o?in Jojiyanci a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Yayin da yake girma, Stalin ya rasa sha'awar karatun firist, makinsa ya ragu, kuma an tsare shi akai-akai a cikin cell saboda halinsa na tawaye. Mujallar makarantar hauza ta lura cewa ya ayyana kansa a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya zage damtse daga addu’a kuma ya ki yafa hularsa ga sufaye.
Stalin ya shiga ?ungiyar littattafai da aka haramta a makarantar; Musamman ma littafin Nikolay Chernyshevsky na 1863 mai fafutukar neman sauyi ya rinjaye shi
Me Za a Yi?
Wani rubutu mai tasiri shine Alexander Kazbegi 's
The Patricide
, tare da Stalin yana kar?ar la?abi "Koba" daga na jarumin ?an fashin littafin. Sunan na iya zama abin girmamawa ga hamshakin attajirinsa, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, wanda ya biya ku?in karatunsa a makarantar hauza ta Tiflis. ("Koba" shine ?an ?aramin Georgian na Yakobi, ko Yakubu, kuma Stalin daga baya ya sanya wa ?ansa na fari a cikin girmamawar Egnatashvili.) Ya kuma karanta
Das Kapital
, littafin 1867 na masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Jamus
Karl Marx
. Stalin ya sadaukar da kansa ga ka'idar zamantakewa da siyasa ta Marx, Marxism,
wanda a lokacin yana karuwa a Jojiya, daya daga cikin nau'o'in gurguzu iri-iri masu adawa da hukumomin tsarin mulkin daular. Da dare, ya halarci taron sirri na ma'aikata
kuma an gabatar da shi ga Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, wanda ya kafa Marxist Mesame Dasi ("Rukuni na uku"), ?ungiyar gurguzu ta Georgian. Stalin ya bar makarantar hauza a Afrilu shekarar 1899 kuma bai dawo ba.
- ↑
- ↑
Stalin was Georgian, but during his revolutionary campaigns, adopted the Soviet Nationality law and also changed his Georgian name to a Russian Name. This fact does not means that his Georgian ancestry and his mother, which was Gori, is not there.
- ↑
Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (
Old Style
: 6 December) 1878. This birth date is maintained in his school leaving certificate, his extensive
Okhrana
file, a police arrest record from 18 April 1902 which gave his age as 23 years, and all other surviving pre-Revolution documents. As late as 1921, Stalin himself listed his birthday as 18 December 1878 in a curriculum vitae in his own handwriting. After coming to power in 1922, Stalin gave his birth date as 21 December 1879 (
Old Style date
9 December 1879). That became the day his birthday was celebrated in the Soviet Union.
- ↑
Kotkin 2014, p. 742, note 25. Starting in about 1920,
Stalin gave a birth date of 21 December [ O.S. 9] 1879
despite being born on 18 December [ O.S. 6] 1878.
- ↑
Conquest 1991, p. 11; Service 2004, p. 16;
Montefiore 2007 , p. 23; Kotkin 2014 , p. 17.
- ↑
Conquest 1991, pp. 1?2; Volkogonov 1991, p. 5;
Service 2004 , p. 14; Montefiore 2007, p. 19; Khlevniuk
2015 , p. 11; Deutscher 1966 , p. 26.