Harshen Japan
ko
Yaren Japan
da turanci kuma
Japanese (Yamato)
(日本語 Nihongo, (?ihoŋ?o) ([?ihoŋŋo]) shi ne yare ko harshen da mutanen gabashin
Asiya
ke amfani da shi, wadanda adadinsu sunkai kusan mutane miliyan 128, an fi amfani da harshen a Kasar
Japan
a yanzu, a inda harshen shi ne harshen da ake amfani da shi a Kasar. Harshen na daya daga cikin harsunan da ake kira da Japonic (ko kuma Japanese-Ryukyuan) language family, kuma yana da dangantaka da wasu yaruka kamar, Korean. An dai danganta harshen da harsuna kamar, Ainu, Austroasiatic, da Altaic.
Harfofin Rubutun Harshen
Haruffan Sin (kanji)
Kana (hiraganakatakana)
Japanese Braille. Harshen Japan bashi da wata alaka da harshen Sin wato
Chinese language
,
[2]
Amma dai yana amfani da haruffan kalmomin Harshen Sin, ko Nihongo wato (
kanji
漢字) a cikin rubutun ta, kuma mafi yawan kalmomin harshen suna daga harshen Sin din ne. Tareda
kanji
harufan rubutun harshen Japan. Harshen na amfani da silabul biyu na Mora (linguistics) A rubuce, Nihongo
hiragana
(ひらがな ko 平?名) da kuma Nihongo
katakana
(カタカナ or 片?名). Harshen na amfani da rubutun Latin a wasu wurare da kuma Lambobin na harshen wato
Japanese numerals
sun fi yawa ne daga Lambobin larabci wato
Arabic numerals
tare da na harshen Sin
chinese numerals
.
Wani dadadden harshen da harshen Ryukyuan or dialects ana ganin ya zo kasar Japan ta hannun mazauna wadanda Kuma suka zo daga continental Asia ko kusa da tsibirin Pacific wani lokaci a farkon mid-2nd century BC (the
Yayoi period
), Wanda yamaye asalin harshen mutanen
J?mon
,
[3]
tare da da dadadden
harshen Ainu
. Wanda labari kadan ne aka samo a kan Yanjapan din Lokacin. Saboda rubutu kamar "Kanji" wanda ya shige cikin "Hiragana" da "Katakana" daga baya
[2]
a Lokacin baizo nan ba daga China, babu cikakken shaida, da wani abu dazai nuna japanese ta kafu ne daga masa hadaddiyar tsohuwar
Old Japanese
.
Tsohon Japanese shi ne kawai abin da aka tabbatar daga cikin harshen Japanese. Da yaduwar
Buddhism
, sai aka shigo da rubutun China zuwa Japan. Farkon rubututtukan da aka samu a Japan an yi su ne ta
Classical Chinese
, amma an dauke su ne a matsayin Japanese daga yana yin
kanbun
. Wasu cikin rubutun Chinese sun nuna tagomashin Japanese grammar, kamar yadda Jerin kalmomin suke (for example, placing the verb after the object). In these hybrid texts,
Chinese characters
are also occasionally used phonetically to represent
Japanese particles
. Rubutu na fari
Kojiki
, ansamo sa ne tun a Karni 8th, kuma dukkanin rubutun a Chinese characters yake. Karshen Old Japanese yahadu ne tareda
Nara period
a 794. Old Japanese na amfani da
Man'y?gana
yanayin rubutun, dake amfani da
kanji
domin phonetic da semantic values. Based on the Man'y?gana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct syllables. Texts written with Man'y?gana use two different
kanji
for each of the syllables now pronounced (lang|ja|き ki, ひ hi, み mi, け ke, へ he, め me, こ ko, そ so, と to, の no, も mo, よ yo and ろ ro).
[4]
(
Kojiki
Nada kalmomi 88, amma daga baya 87. Babban cin dake tsakanin mo
1
and mo
2
ya bata bayan samun composition dinsq.) Wadannan jerin syllables sun dawo zuwa 67 a farkon
Middle Japanese
, dukda wasu ansanya sune ta Chinese influence.
Dan samun karin syllables an hypothesized cewar Old Japanese's vowel system yafi yawa akan Japanese din zamani ? dake kunshe da kusan eight vowels. A cewar
Shinkichi Hashimoto
, the extra syllables in Man'y?gana yaZone ta samun babban cin acikin vowels of the syllables in question.
[5]
wadannan ban bancin ne suka nuna Old Japanese nada eight-vowel system,
[6]
in contrast to the five vowels of later Japanese. The vowel system would have to have shrunk some time between these texts and the invention of the
kana
(
hiragana
and
katakana
) in the early 9th century. According to this view, the eight-vowel system of ancient Japanese would resemble that of the Uralic and
Altaic language
families.
[7]
However, it is not fully certain that the alternation between syllables necessarily reflects a difference in the vowels rather than the consonants ? at the moment, the only undisputed fact is that they are different syllables. A newer reconstruction of ancient Japanese shows strikingly similarities with Southeast-Asian languages, especially with
Austronesian languages
.
[8]
Tsohuwar Japanese baida (IPA|/h/), amma akwai (IPA|/?/) (Wanda aka taskance a
fu
, (IPA|/??/)), Wanda aka Samar dashi daga *(IPA|/p/). Man'y?gana also has a symbol for (IPA|/je/), da yahade da (IPA|/e/) kafin karshen lokutan.
Saboda fossilizations na Old Japanese grammatical elements an cigaba da Samun su a sauran harsunan ? the genitive particle
tsu
(superseded by modern
no
) akwai su a Kalma kamar
matsuge
("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); sabuwar Kalmar
mieru
("to be visible") da
kikoeru
("to be audible") sun cigaba da abinda aka sansa da
mediopassive
suffix -
yu(ru)
(
kikoyu
→
kikoyuru
(the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) >
kikoeru
(as all shimo-nidan verbs in modern Japanese did)); and the genitive particle
ga
remains in intentionally archaic speech.
Farkon Lokaci matsakaici na Japanese shine Japanawan
Lokacin Heian
, na daga 794 zuwa 1185. Farkon Middle Japanese ya gamu da significant amount of Chinese influence on the language's phonology ? length distinctions become phonemic for both consonants and vowels, and series of both labialised (e.g.
kwa
) and palatalised (
kya
) consonants are added, Intervocalic (IPA|/?/) tahade da (IPA|/w/) daga Karni na 11th.
Karshen farkon Middle Japanese yagamu da beginning of a shift where the attributive form (Japanese
rentaikei
) da kadan kasan ya canja zuwa (
sh?shikei
) na verb classes din dake da biyu ma banbanta.
A karshen matsakaicin zamanin Japanese yafaru ne daga 1185 zuwa 1600, kuma anraba sane zuwa sashe biyu, Wanda aka kiyasta da daidai
Lokacin Kamakura
da kuma
Lokacin Muromachi
, kamar yadda sukazo. Na karshen da aka samu na irin Middle Japanese sune na first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the
Jesuit
da
Franciscan
missionaries; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the
Arte da Lingoa de Iapam
). Among other sound changes, the sequence (IPA|/au/) merges to (IPA|/?ː/), in contrast with (IPA|/oː/); (IPA|/p/) ansake shigar dasu daga Chinese; da (IPA|/we/) yahade da (IPA|/je/). Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear ? the continuative ending -
te
begins to reduce onto the verb (e.g.
yonde
for earlier
yomite
), the -k- in the final syllable of adjectives drops out (
shiroi
for earlier
shiroki
); akwai wasu a modern standard Japanese dasuka cigaba da rike asalin su (e.g.
hayaku
>
hayau
>
hay??
, inda modern Japanese just has
hayaku
, dukda Wanda ake amfani dashi amadadinsa a kiyayeshi a cikin gaisuwan garin
o-hay? gozaimasu
"good morning"; this ending is also seen in
o-medet?
"congratulations", from
medetaku
).
Karshen Middle Japanese nadauke da loanwords na farko daga wasu harsunan turai ? now-common words borrowed into Japanese a wannan Lokacin yahada da
pan
("bread") and
tabako
("tobacco", now "cigarette"), duk daga
Portuguese
.
Farkon harshen zamani na Japanese, Nada banbanci tsakanin Modern Japanese, shine dialect akai amfani dashi bayan
Meiji Restoration
. Saboda harsunan nada matukar kamanni, farkon Modern Japanese anfi danganta shi da Modern Japanese.farkon Modern Japanese da kadan kadan ya canja zuwa Modern Japanese Lokacin Karni 19th. Kawai bayan 1945, jim kadan bayan
Yakin Duniya II
, sai Modern Japanese yazamanto standard language, inda aka fara amfani dashi a kasar.
[9]
A wannan Lokacin da muke ciki Japanese da amfani da Katakana da kuma Hiragana har wayau suna amfani da traditional Chinese characters da akekira da "
Han
" wanda ya canja zuwa "Kanji" wanda shine irin rubutun da ake amfani dashi Dan express ideas a harsunan Japanese da Chinese.
[10]
Harshen Japan na zamani ana ganin yafara ne tareda
Lokcin Edo
, Wanda yadauki tsawon shekaru tun daga 1603 har zuwa 1868. Tun Old Japanese, the de facto standard Japanese shine
Kansai dialect
, musamman ma
Kyoto
. A yayin Lokacin Edo, Edo (itace Tokyo ayanzu) yazama wani babban birni a Japan, sannan kuma Edo-area dialect yazama standard Japanese. Tun karshen
Japan's self-imposed isolation
a 1853, samun shigowar loanwords daga Harsunan yarukan turai yakaru matuka. Lokacin tun daga 1945 ansamu mafi yawan kalmomin da aka aro daga wasu harsunan, kamar su
Jamusanci
,
Portuguese
da
Turanci
.
[11]
Yawancin English loan words musamman dangantaka da fasaha, Misali
pasokon
(kintsen dake nufin "personal computer"),
int?netto
("internet"), da
kamera
("camera"). Saboda yawan da English loanwords keda shi, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between (IPA|/t?i/) da (IPA|/ti/), da (IPA|/d?i/) da kuma (IPA|/di/), wanda ana karshen kowannen su ake samunsa acikin loanwords.
- ↑
Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
"Harshen Japan"
.
Glottolog 3.0
. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑
2.0
2.1
Deal, William E. (2005).
Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan
. Infobase Publishing. p. 242.
ISBN
0816074852
.
Japanese has no genetic affiliation with Chinese, but neither does it have any clear affiliation with any other language.
- ↑
Wade, Nicholas (4 May 2011).
"Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
7 May
2011
.
- ↑
Shinkichi Hashimoto (February 3, 1918)「?語?名遣?究史上の一?見―石塚龍?の?名遣?山路について」『帝?文?』26?11(1949)『文字及び?名遣の?究(橋本進吉博士著作集 第3冊)』(岩波書店)。
- ↑
大野 晋 (1953)『上代?名遣の?究』(岩波書店) p.126
- ↑
大野 晋 (1982)『?名遣いと上代語』(岩波書店) p.65
- ↑
有坂 秀世 (1931)「?語にあらはれる一種の母音交替について」『音?の?究』第4輯(1957年の『?語音韻史の?究 ?補新版』(三省堂)
- ↑
Alexander, Vovin,.
"Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system"
.
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
(in Turanci).
CS1 maint: extra punctuation (
link
)
- ↑
Coulmas, Florian (1989).
Language Adaptation
. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 107.
ISBN
0-521-36255-5
.
- ↑
SCHUESSLER, KARLGREN (2009).
Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese : A Companion to Grammata Serica Recensa
. Honolulu: Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press.
ISBN
9780824832643
.
- ↑
Miura, Akira,
English in Japanese
, Weatherhill, 1998.