Leon Festinger
, nado en
Nova York
o
8 de maio
de
1919
e finado na mesma cidade o
11 de febreiro
de
1989
, foi un
psicologo social
estadounidense
, conecido pola
disonancia cognitiva
e
teoria da comparacion social
.
Festinger naceu en
Brooklyn
en 1919 fos inmigrantes rusos xudeus Alex Festinger e Sara Solomon Festinger. Festinger asistiu a Boys’ High School de Brooklyn, e obtivo o grao BS en psicoloxia pola
City College of New York
en 1939.
[
1
]
A continuacion estudou con
Kurt Lewin
na
Universidade de Iowa
, onde recibiu o seu MA en 1940 e o PhD en 1942 na area do comportamento infantil.
[
2
]
Segundo as suas propias palabras, non estaba interesado na psicoloxia social cando chegou a Iowa, e non se matriculou en curso ningun nesta materia durante o seu tempo alo; pola contra, interesabase nos primeiros traballos de Lewin sobre sistemas de tension, pero o centro de Lewin mudara a psicoloxia social cando Festinger chegou a Iowa.
[
3
]
Non obstante, Festinger continuou a seguir os seus intereses orixinais, estudando niveis de aspiracion,
[
4
]
traballando en
estatistica
,
[
5
]
[
6
]
desenvolvendo un modelo cuantitativo da toma de decisions
[
7
]
e mesmo publicando un estudo sobre ratas de laboratorio.
[
8
]
Para explicar a sua falta de interese na psicoloxia social nese momento, afirmou: "a metodoloxia dos estudos de psicoloxia social, e a vaguidade da relacion dos datos cos conceptos e teorias de Lewin, parecianme pouco atractivas na mina xuvenil inclinacion ao rigor".
[
9
]
Tras graduarse, Festinger traballou como investigador asociado en Iowa entre 1941 e 1943, e logo como estatistico para o comite de seleccion e adestramento de pilotos aereos na
Universidade de Rochester
entre 1943 e 1945 durante a
segunda guerra mundial
. en 1943, Festinger casou con Mary Oliver Ballou, pianista,
[
10
]
coa que tivo tres fillos, Catherine, Richard e Kurt.
[
11
]
Festinger e Ballou divorciaronse posteriormente e Festinger casou con Trudy Bradley, profesora de traballo social na
Universidade de Nova York
[
12
]
en 1968.
[
13
]
Festinger foi autor de
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
[
14
]
("Teoria da disonancia cognitiva", 1957), obra na que expon a sua teoria da
disonancia cognitiva
, que revolucionou o campo da
psicoloxia social
, e que tivo multiples aplicacions en areas tales como a
motivacion
, a
dinamica de grupos
, o estudo do cambio de actitudes e a toma de decisions.
[
15
]
Na sua teoria, sinala que na mente dos suxeitos se poden distinguir unha serie de conecementos ou elementos (cognicions) ≪... e dicir todo o que unha persoa sabe sobre si mesma, da sua
conduta
e das suas circunstancias≫ e que alguns destes conecementos poden ser contraditorios, non so dende o punto de vista
loxico
, senon tamen dende o
psicoloxico
, entre si, por exemplo, a idea de que o codigo da circulacion ha ser respectado pode estar en contradicion co conecemento de que neste momento estou a saltarme un semaforo vermello.
Esta contradicion e o que o autor denomina disonancia cognitiva. Cando hai disonancia cognitiva, o suxeito vese motivado a reducila.
Para iso ten que cambiar a sua conduta, se iso e posible, e se non o e, o cal ocorre en moitos casos (por exemplo ao avaliar un feito xa acontecido, pola incapacidade de actuar sobre o pasado), enton tratara de cambiar as suas cognicions ou a valoracion das mesmas.
- Allyn, J., & Festinger, L. (1961). Effectiveness of Unanticipated Persuasive Communications.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62
(1), 35?40.
- Back, K., Festinger, L., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H., Schachter, S., & Thibaut, J. (1950). The methodology of studying rumor transmission.
Human Relations, 3
(3), 307?312.
- Brehm, J., & Festinger, L. (1957). Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups.
Human Relations, 10
(1), 85?91.
- Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision.
Psychological Review, 50
, 595?621.
- Coren, S., & Festinger, L. (1967). Alternative view of the "Gibson normalization effect".
Perception & Psychophysics, 2
(12), 621?626.
- Festinger, L. (1942a). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration.
Psychological Review, 49
, 235?250.
- Festinger, L. (1942b). Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 37
, 184?200.
- Festinger, L. (1943a). Development of differential appetite in the rat.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32
(3), 226?234.
- Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution.
Psychometrika, 8
, 153?160.
- Festinger, L. (1943c). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations.
Psychometrika, 8
, 205?210.
- Festinger, L. (1943d). Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32
(4), 291?306.
- Festinger, L. (1943e). Studies in decision: II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32
(5), 411?423.
- Festinger, L. (1946). The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function.
Psychometrika, 11
(2), 97?105.
- Festinger, L. (1947a). The role of group belongingness in a voting situation.
Human Relations, 1
(2), 154?180.
- Festinger, L. (1947b). The treatment of qualitative data by scale analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 44
(2), 149?161.
- Festinger, L. (1949). The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra.
Human Relations, 2
(2), 153?158.
- Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication.
Psychological Review, 57
(5), 271?282.
- Festinger, L. (1950b). Psychological Statistics.
Psychometrika, 15
(2), 209?213.
- Festinger, L. (1951). Architecture and group membership.
Journal of Social Issues, 7
(1?2), 152?163.
- Festinger, L. (1952). Some consequences of de-individuation in a group.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47
(2), 382?389.
- Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes.
Human Relations, 7
, 117?140.
- Festinger, L. (1955a). Handbook of social psychology, vol 1, Theory and method, vol 2, Special fields and applications.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 39
(5), 384?385.
- Festinger, L. (1955b). Social psychology and group processes.
Annual Review of Psychology, 6
, 187?216.
- Festinger, L. (1957).
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Festinger, L. (1959a). Sampling and related problems in research methodology.
American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64
(2), 358?369.
- Festinger, L. (1959b). Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions.
Acta Psychologica, 15
, 389?390.
- Festinger, L. (1961). The psychological effects of insufficient rewards.
American Psychologist, 16
(1), 1?11.
- Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance.
Scientific American, 207
(4), 93?107.
- Festinger, L. (1964). Behavioral support for opinion change.
Public Opinion Quarterly, 28
(3), 404?417.
- Festinger, L. (Ed.). (1980).
Retrospections on Social Psychology.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Festinger, L. (1983).
The Human Legacy.
Nova York: Columbia University Press.
- Festinger, L. (1981).
Human nature and human competence. Social Research, 48
(2), 306?321.
- Festinger, L., & Canon, L. K. (1965). Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference.
Psychological Review, 72
(5), 373?384.
- Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58
(2), 203?210.
- Festinger, L., Cartwright, D., Barber, K., Fleischl, J., Gottsdanker, J., Keysen, A., & Leavitt, G. (1948). A study of rumor transition: Its origin and spread.
Human Relations, 1
(4), 464?486.
- Festinger, L., Gerard, H., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H. H., & Raven, B. (1952). The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates.
Human Relations, 5
(4), 327?346.
- Festinger, L., & Holtzman, J. D. (1978). Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye-movement.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 4
(4), 573?585.
- Festinger, L., & Hutte, H. A. (1954). An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49
(4), 513?522.
- Festinger, L., & Katz, D. (Eds.). (1953).
Research methods in the behavioral sciences.
Nova York, NY: Dryden.
- Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68
(4), 359?366.
- Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956).
When Prophecy Fails
.
Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950).
Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Festinger, L., Sedgwick, H. A., & Holtzman, J. D. (1976). Visual-perception during smooth pursuit eye-movements.
Vision Research, 16
(12), 1377?1386.
- Festinger, L., & Thibaut, J. (1951). Interpersonal communication in small groups.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46
(1), 92?99.
- Festinger, L., Torrey, J., & Willerman, B. (1954). Self-evaluation as a function of attraction to the group.
Human Relations, 7
(2), 161?174.
- Hertzman, M., & Festinger, L. (1940). Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27
(4), 439?452.
- Hochberg, J., & Festinger, L. (1979). Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2
(1), 71?71.
- Hoffman, P. J., Festinger, L., & Lawrence, D. H. (1954). Tendencies toward group comparability in competitive bargaining.
Human Relations, 7
(2), 141?159.
- Holtzman, J. D., Sedgwick, H. A., & Festinger, L. (1978). Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements.
Vision Research, 18
(11), 1545?1555.
- Komoda, M. K., Festinger, L., & Sherry, J. (1977). The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation.
Vision Research, 17
(10), 1231?1232.
- Miller, J., & Festinger, L. (1977). Impact of oculomotor retraining on visual-perception of curvature.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 3
(2), 187?200.
- Schachter, S., Festinger, L., Willerman, B., & Hyman, R. (1961). Emotional disruption and industrial productivity.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 45
(4), 201?213.
- ↑
Schacter, 1994, pax. 100
- ↑
American, 1959, pax. 784
- ↑
Festinger, 1980, pax. 237
- ↑
Festinger, 1942
- ↑
Festinger, 1943a
- ↑
Festinger, 1943b
- ↑
Carlsmith & Festinger, 1943
- ↑
Festinger, 1943c
- ↑
Festinger, 1980, pax. 237
- ↑
"Deaths: Mary Ballou Festinger," 2006
- ↑
Schachter & Gazzaniga, 1989, pax. 545
- ↑
Faculty Profile,
n.d.
- ↑
Schachter & Gazzaniga, 1989, pax. 545
- ↑
Festinger, Leon (1 de xaneiro de 1962).
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
(en
ingles
)
.
Stanford University Press
.
ISBN
9780804709118
. Consultado o 30 de decembro de 2016
.
- ↑
ISBN 13: 978-84-259-0430-1, 1975, Editorial: Centro de Estudos Politicos e Constitucionais.