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W. B. Yeats

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Infotaula de personaW. B. Yeats

(1911) Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Ainm sa teanga dhuchais (en) William Butler Yeats
Beathaisneis
Breith 13 Meitheamh 1865
Dumhach Thra (Riocht Aontaithe na Breataine Moire agus na hEireann)
Bas 28 Eanair 1939
73 bliana d'aois
Menton, An Fhrainc Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Ait adhlactha Droim Chliabh Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Seanadoir na hEireann
11 Mean Fomhair 1922 ? 6 Nollaig 1928
Tearma parlaiminte: 1u sui de Sheanad Eireann

Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Faisneis phearsanta
Scoil a d'fhreastail se/si An Colaiste Naisiunta Ealaine is Deartha
An Ardscoil, Baile Atha Cliath Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Teanga dhuchais Bearla
Gniomhaiocht
Reimse oibre Ficsean , filiocht agus dramaiocht
Gairm file , polaiteoir , misteach , scribhneoir , dramadoir , astralai Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Ball de
Gluaiseacht Siombalachas
Mac/inion leinn de chuid William Blake
Faoi thionchar
Teangacha Bearla
Saothar
Suiomh a chartlainne
Teaghlach
Ceile Georgie Hyde-Lees Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Pairti Maud Gonne
Olivia Shakespear
Margot Ruddock Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Paiste Anne Yeats
  ( Georgie Hyde-Lees )
Michael Butler Yeats
  ( Georgie Hyde-Lees ) Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Athair John Butler Yeats   agus  Susan Pollexfen
Siblin Elizabeth Yeats , Lily Yeats , Jack Butler Yeats , Robert Corbet Yeats agus Jane Grace Yeats
Gradam a fuarthas
Ainmnithe do
Siniu
IMDB: nm0947102 IBDB: 9103
Musicbrainz: 60ab738d-ffe9-45f6-bc08-f9ef5d4f7731 Discogs: 514613 IMSLP: Category:Yeats,_William_Butler Find a Grave: 1860 Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata

File Eireannach ab ea William Butler Yeats (13 Iuil 1865 - 28 Eanair 1939).  Ba phriomhphearsa e san athbheochan litriochta in Eirinn i dtus na fichiu haoise . Ba iad Yeats, an Bantiarna Gregory agus Edward Martyn na cinn feadhna ar athbheochan litriochta na hEireann agus bhunaigh siad, agus roinnt eile, Amharclann na Mainistreach . Ba cheannaire e ar an Amharclann ag an tus.

Sa bhliain 1923, bronnadh Duais Nobel na Litriochta ar Yeats.

Sinsir [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

John Butler Yeats
  • Jervis Yeats, saighdiuir de chuid na n Uilliamaiteach ; agus nios deanai peinteir, a fuair bas sa bhliain 1712, a athair. [1] [2]
  • Phos garmhac Jervis agus sin-seanathair William, Benjamin Yeats, bean o mhuintir le talamh i g contae Chill Dara sa bhliain 1773. Ba de shliocht chead iarlai Ormond i Mary Butler. I ndiaidh gur phos siad, choimead siad an t-ainm Butler sa chlann.
  • Rinne athair Yeats, John Butler Yeats (1839 -1922) [3] [4] , staidear ar an dli , agus nios deanai ar an ealain ag Heatherley School of Fine Art [5] Londain .
  • Thainig mathair Yeats o theaghlach rachmasach i Sligeach. Bhi comhlacht tradala ag a muintir.

Tus a shaoil [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Saolaiodh William Butler Yeats i n Dumhach Thra i gContae Baile Atha Cliath [6] . Ach tamiall ina dhiaidh, bhog an teaghlach go Teach Pollexfen i Merville, Sligeach le bheith nios congarai le muintir a mhathair.

Chaith Yeats a laethanta saoire i gContae Shligigh . Nios deanai d’fheach Yeats ar Shligeach mar ionad spioradalta do.  Fos og, bhi ard-speis ag Yeats i bhfinscealta na hEireann.  Ta se seo le feiceail sa chead treimhse da n-obair, a lean go deireadh an naou haoise deag . [6]

Scoil Godolphin

Sa bhliain 1867, bhog an teaghlach go Sasana .

Binn Eadair

Ar an 26 Eanair 1877, thosaigh Yeats ag freastal ar Godolphin School , [7] agus d’fhan se ann ar feadh ceithre bliana. Tugann tuairisc scoile le fios duinn nach raibh ach meangradanna a fhail aige. Ni raibh se go maith ag an litriu [8] ach bhi se den chead scoth sa Laidin . Bhi fadhbanna aige sa Mhata agus sna teangacha eile ach is docha gur chuis leis a bhodhracht tun [9] e sin. Bhi suim agus speis aige sa Bhitheolaiocht agus sa Zo-Eolaiocht freisin.

Bedford Park

I 1879, bhog an teaghlach go Bedford Park , Londain ar leasa dha bhliain (8 Woodstock Road). [10]

D'fhill na Yeats go BAC i 1880 , ar dtus i Harold's Cross [11] agus nios deanai, i mBinn Eadair . D'fhreastail Yeats ar Erasmus Smith High School . [12] .  Bhi stiuideo a athair in aice laimhe leis agus bhi aithne a chur aige ar ealaiontoiri agus scribhneoiri na cathrach ann.

I rith 1885 , bhunaigh Yeats an 'Dublin Hermetic Order'. Reachtaladh an chead cruinniu ar an 16 Meitheamh le Yeats mar chathaoirleach. [13] [14] [15]

NCAD

Bhog an clann ar ais go Londain sa bhliain 1887 . D’fhreastail Yeats ar Metropolitan School of Art (anois National College of Art and Design , Sraid San Tomas. I mi Marta 1888, bhog an chlann go 3 Blenheim Road i mBedford Park. [16] Ni raibh ach ￡50 le hioc mar chostais cios in aghaidh na bliana.

Rinne se staidear ar an fhiliocht i rith a hoige agus bhi se faoi dhraiocht ag miotaseolaiocht na nGael agus an briotais. Ta na topaici seo le feiceail go soileir ina luath-saothair.


File Og [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

HGD
Londain

Thosaigh Yeats ag scriobh nuair a raibh se seacht mbliana deag d’aois. Sa bhliain 1885, d'fhoilsigh an ‘Dublin University Review’ an chead dan a scriobh Yeats agus aiste, ‘The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson ’. Idir 1884 agus 1886 ,

Foilsiodh a chead bailiuchan saothair i 1889. O 1900, bhi dantai Yeats nios fisiciuil agus readuil. Shean se a chreideamh tarcheimnitheach ach gafa le aghaidh fidil fisiciuil agus spioradalta, chomh maith lena teoirici feilitiula ar an saol.

Charles Johnson
Oscar Wilde

Scriobh an critic Charles Johnson go raibh se “utterly unIrish” agus ba chosuil gur thainig se as “ a vast murmway gloom of dreams” [17] . Chas Yeats nios deanai, ar an mbealoideas , Miotaseolaiocht na hEireann agus scribhneoireacht William Blake . Thug se omos do ag ra go raibh se mar cheann dos na "great artificers of God who uttered great truths to a little clan". [18] Sa bhliain 1891 , d'fhoilsigh Yeats, John Sherman agus ‘Dhoya,’ sceal agus ursceal.

Is feidir an tionchar a bhi ag Oscar Wilde ar Yeats [19] a fheiceail ina dTeoiric Aesteiticiuil [1] go mormhor sna dramai staitse . Is feidir an Teoiric Masca le Wilde a fheiceail go direach sa drama, ‘The Player Queen’ [20] agus tugann Salome [2] - saothar leis an ainm ceanna le Wilde ,- teimplead duinn ar na haithraithe a rinne Yeats, go hairithe sna dramai a scriobhadh se nios deanai, ‘ On Baile’s Strand ’ (1904), ‘Deirdre’ (1907) agus a dramaiocht damhsa ‘The King of the Great Clock Tower' (1934). [21]

Theastaigh o Yeats an obair a phleadh a dheanamh mar thopaic den mhiotaseolaiocht , ag glaoigh ‘Tragic Generation’ air ina beathaisneis , [22] agus d’fhoilsigh se dha duanaire de obair na Rhymers; an cead cheann in 1892 agus an dara cheann in 1894.

D’oibrigh se ar an chead eagran iomlan de obair William Blake le Edwin Ellis agus sa phroiseas thanadar trasna ar dan dearmadta, “vala, or, the Four Zoas’. [23]

William Blake

I mi na Marta 1890, ghlac Yeats ballraiocht sa Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn . Bhunaigh se, in eineacht le Ernest Rhys [24] , The Rhymers Club ,- grupa de fili Londain a bhualadh suas lena cheile go minic i dtabhairne Sraid na Toinne le haithris a dheanamh.

Emanuel Swedenborg

Bhi suim ag Yeats sa mhitheolaiocht, Spioradaltacht [3] agus san astralaiocht da shaol ar fad. Rinne se dian-staidear ar an abhar i rith a shaol agus bhi se mar bhall den grupa taighde paranormalta , ‘ The Ghost Club' i 1911 . Thainig an speis seo on tionchar a bhi ag scribhneoireacht Emanuel Swedensburg [25] ar an abhar seo. I 1892 , scriobh se

"If I had not made magic my constant study I could not have written a single word of my Blake book, nor would The Countess Kathleen ever have come to exist. The mystical life is the centre of all that I do and all that I think and all that I write." [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]


Maud Gonne [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Maud Gonne

Sa bhliain 1889 , chas Yeats le Maud Gonne , banoidhre, 23 bliain d’aois agus i mar Naisiunaigh Eireannach diocasach, diograiseach. Bhi si 18 mi nios oige na Yeats agus duirt si gur bhuail si leis agus e ina "paint-stained art student” [31] . Bhi meas ag Gonne ar obair ‘The Island of Statues’ le Yeats.

Olivia Shakespear


John MacBride

D’admhail se,- ”it seems to me that she [Gonne] brought into my life those days?for as yet I saw only what lay upon the surface?the middle of the tint, a sound as of a Burmese gong, an over-powering tumult that had yet many pleasant secondary notes." [32]

Sa bhliain 1891 , thug Yeats cuairt ar Gonne agus de mhol se posadh . Diultaigh Gonne. Duirt se nios deanai "the troubling of my life began" [33] . De mhol se posadh tri huaire eile i 1899 , 1900 agus 1901 ach diultaigh Gonne e gach uair. Faoi anacair, phos Gonne Naisiunach Eireannach John MacBride . [34] An t-aon caidreamh eile a bhi aige na le Olivia Shakespear a bhuail se le in 1894 agus scaradar in 1897 .

Bhi mishasta nuair a phos Gonne [35] . Chomh maith leis sin, d'eirigh Gonne ina Caitliceach .

Sean MacBride

Ach nior eirigh go maith le posadh Gonne. Bhi Yeats an-sasta le seo mar thosaigh si ag tabhairt cuairt air i Londain . Rugadh mac le Gonne, Sean MacBride sa bhliain 1904 . Ach bheartaigh a fear ceile deireadh a chur leis an bposadh. Nior aontaigh na cuirteanna leis an gcolscoradh dlithuil ach ligeadh doibh briseadh suas lena cheile le caomhnoireacht an leanbh ag Gonne. [36]

Cuireadh deireadh le cairdeas Gonne agus Yeats aris i bParas 1908 . I mi Eanair 1909, bhi Gonne ag scriobh litreacha go Yeats ag moladh an bhuntaiste a thugtar d’ealaiontoiri a chuireann bac ar an ghneas . [37]

Nios mo na fiche bhliain ina dhiaidh, thug Yeats tracht ar na litreacha sa dan  "A Man Young and Old": [38]

Yeats nios Sine

“My arms are like the twisted thor

And yet there beauty lay;

The first of all the tribe lay there

And did such pleasure take;

She who had brought great Hector down

And put all Troy to wreck.” [39]

Posadh le Georgie Hyde Lees [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Georgie Hyde Lees

Faoin mbliain 1916 , bhi Yeats 51 bliain d'aois agus ba mhian go mor leis posadh le go mbeadh oidhre aige. Chuir se an ceiliur posta deireanach ar Maud Gonne i Samhradh na bliana 1916. Dar leis, ba bhean cheile neamhoiriunach i ar chuiseanna airithe: bhi si roghniomhnach sa pholaitiocht reabhloideach le fada; bhain roinnt tubaisti pearsanta di sna blianta beaga roimhe sin, lena n-airitear i a bheith gafa le cloraform agus a posadh triobloideach le John MacBride, Reabhloidi Eireannach ar chuir Forsai na mBreataine chun bais e toisc gur ghlac se pairt san Eiri Amach 1916 .

Dar le R.F. Foster, an cuis leis an gceiliur posta deireanach seo na gur mhothaigh Yeats go raibh se de dhualgas air i a phosadh agus nach raibh cursai gra i gceist chomh mor sin i ndairire. Chuir Yeats an ceiliur posta uirthi go lagspreosach agus bhi coinniollacha leis. Bhi se ag tnuth le go ndiultodh si an ceiliur posta agus ba mhian leis go ndiultodh si e chomh maith. Dar le Foster, nuair a d'iarr se ar Maud e a phosadh agus nuair a dhiultaigh si, b’fhiorthapa a dhirigh se a chuid smaointe i dtreo a hinine.

Ba i Iseult Gonne an dara paiste a bhi ag Maud agus Lucien Millevoye, agus ag an am sin, bhi Iseult 21 bliain d’aois. Saol dona go leor a bhi aici go dti seo; bhi a tuismitheoiri ag iarraidh go dtabharfadh si ait a dearthair, dearthair nar mhair le fada, agus ba shin an fath ar saolaiodh Iseult.

Cuireadh i lathair i mar neacht uchtaithe a mathar ar feadh na chead bhlianta da saol. Rinne a leasathair i a ainteagmhail nuair a bhi si 11 bhliain d’aois. Nios faide anonn, d’oibrigh si le hOglaigh na hEireann chun gunnai a sholathar. Nuair a bhi si 15 bliana d’aois chuir si ceiliur posta ar Yeats. Cupla mi i ndiaidh don fhile ceiliur posta a chur ar Maud, chuir se ceiliur posta ar Iseult ach dhiultaigh si.

Lucien Millevoye

I Mean Fomhair na bliana sin, chuir Yeats ceiliur posta ar George (Georgie) Hyde-Lees (1892?1968) a bhi 24 bliain d’aois agus ar chas se lei i gcomhluadar a raibh suim acu i gcursai diamhra. Mhol a cairde di gan glacadh le ceiliur posta Yeats “George..you can't. He must be dead” [2] . Da ainneoin sin, ghlac Hyde-Lees leis agus posadh an bheirt an ar an 20u Deireadh Fomhair . D’eirigh leis an bposadh in ainneoin go raibh an difriocht aoise ann agus in ainneoin go raibh aifeala agus doilios ar Yeats agus iad ar mhi na meala. Rugadh beirt phaisti doibh, Anne agus Michael. Bhi caidreamh romansula ag Yeats le mna eile nios faide anonn sa saol agus b’fheidir go raibh caidrimh sheachphosta aige freisin. Da ainneoin sin, scriobh George chuig a fear ceile ag ra go ndeanfadh daoine caint maidir lena chaidrimh sheachphosta nuair a bheadh se marbh ach nach ndearfadh sise rud ar bith mar go gcuimhneodh si ce chomh broduil agus a bhiodh se.

Le linn bhlianta tosaigh a phosta, bhiodh uathscribhneoireacht ar siul ag an mbeirt. Is e a bhi i gceist leis seo na go ndeanadh George teagmhail le spioraid agus le treoraithe eagsula ar thug siad lucht teagaisc “intructors” orthu. [40] Chuir na spioraid coras casta rundiamhair de charachtair agus de stair in iul doibh. Rinne siad forbairt ar an gcoras seo le linn tastalacha a bhain le cuinsi an tamhneil agus le leiriu ceimeanna, con agus morghuairnean. Chaith Yeats a lan ama i mbun an t-abhar seo a reiteach le go bhfoilseofai e mar A Vision (1925). Sa bhliain 1924, scriobh se le T. Werner , a fhoilsitheoir, agus d'admhaigh se: “I dare say I delude myself in thinking this book my book of books.” [41]

Amharclann na Mainistreacha [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Lady Gregory
Amharclann na Mainistreacha

I 1989 , thosaigh Lady Gregory , Edward Martyn agus George Moore , The Irish LIterary Theatre le Dramaiocht Eireannach [42] a chur i lathair. S’i ideal an amharclann na go gcuirfi nios mo beime ar,-

"The ascendancy of the playwright rather than the actor-manager a l'anglais." [43] [44] a thainig on amharclann avant-grande Fraincise. Scriobh Yeats leiriu an grupa a deir, "We hope to find in Ireland an uncorrupted & imaginative audience trained to listen by its passion for oratory ... & that freedom to experiment which is not found in the theatres of England, & without which no new movement in art or literature can succeed." [45]

Nior mhair an comhchoiteann ar feadh ach dha bhliain. Nior thainig rath air.

George Moore
Fogra Oscailt

Bhunaiodar ‘ The Irish National Theatre Society ’, fuaireadar talamh i m BAC ar an 27u mi na Nollag 1904 agus d’osclaiodar Amharclann na Mainistreacha , Cuireadh drama le Yeats ‘ Cathleen Ni Houlihan ’ agus drama le Lady Gregory , ‘Spreading the News’ ar siul ar an gcead oiche. D’obair Yeats leo da shaol ar fad mar dramadoir agus mar bhall den ghrupa.

Bhuail Yeats leis an bhfile Meiriceanach Ezra Pound sa bhliain 1913. Thaistil Pound go Londain chun an fear nios sine a fheiceail i measc rudai eile. Mheas se gurbh e Yeats “the only poet worthy of serious study”. Idir 1913 agus 1916, bhi an bheirt fhear ag cur futhu in Stone Cottage in Ashdown Forest, ina raibh Pound ainmnithe mar runai ag Yeats. Ni raibh tus maith leis an gcaidreamh nuair a shocraigh Pound vearsaiocht de chuid Yeats ─ ar a raibh athruithe neamhudaraithe deanta aige ─ a fhoilsiu san iris Poetry. Leirionn na hathruithe sin deistin Pound maidir le prosoid Victeoiriach. Bhi tionchar nios indiri ag an scolaireacht a bhain leis na dramai Seapanacha Noh. Fuair Pound an scolaireacht ud o bhaintreach Ernest Fenollosa agus chuir an scolaireacht sampla den drama uasaicmeach ar fail do Yeats, drama a bhi beartaithe aige a scriobh. Ba e At the Hawk’s Well an chead drama a ghlac sampla Noh, agus dheachtaigh se an chead dreacht do Pound in Eanair na bliana 1916.


Sa bhliain 1902 , chabhraigh se leis an mbunu, Dun Emer Press , le obair na ndaoine a bhi bainteach leis an Athbheochan a fhoilsiu . Cuala Press a ghloach air i 1904 - 1964 ; tairgeadh 70 teideal, 48 doibh leabhra o Yeats e fein. [46] [47] [48]

Rinne Yeats athmheasunu ar a dhan ‘ Easter 1916 ’, “all changed, changed changed utterly / A terrible beauty is born”, a scriobh se maidir le teacht chun cinn ar Ghluaiseacht Reabhloid na Naisiunaigh .

Theip ar Yeats fiuntais na ceannairi a aithint on Eiri Amach de bharr a mheon ar an gculra nadurtha agus ar an saol a bhi ag na fir

[49]

Bhi caidreamh maith ag Yeats le Lady Gregory agus a ait bhaile , 'Coole Park’ i g Contae na Gaillimhe . Thugadh se cuairt di go minic agus d'fhanadh se ann. Ait larnach ab ea e do dhaoine a thug tascaiocht don athbheochan litriocht agus traidisiunta culturtha na hEireann. Scriobh se an dan,  " The Wild Swans at Coole " ann sa bhliain 1916-1917. [50]

Polaitiocht [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Omos d'Eiri Amach na Casca

Naisiunai Eireannach ab ea Yeats. Bhi se ina bhall den Irish Republican Brotherhood [51]

Rinne Yeats seirbhis mar Sheanadoir ar feadh dha threimhse. [52] [53]

Duais Nobel na Litriochta [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Siombail Saorstat Eireann

Bhuaigh se Duais Nobel na Litriochta i 1923. agus ba e an chead Eireannach a bhuaigh an duais.  

Bhronnadh air "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation" [54] . Bhi se eolach ar an luach siombalach do bhuachaint duine Eireannach chomh luath le neamhspleachas an tir a bhaint amach agus theastaigh uaidh e seo a chur in iul gach uair is feidir. Ina fhreagrai ar litreacha comhghairdeas, deir se "I consider that this honour has come to me less as an individual than as a representative of Irish literature, it is part of Europe's welcome to the Free State.” [55]

Royal Acadamy of Sweden

D’usaid se an leacht a bhi aige ag an Royal Academy of Sweden , le e fhein a chur i lathair mar iomproir caighdeanach de naisiuntacht na hEireann agus neamhspleachas culturtha na hEireann. Deir se, "The theatres of Dublin were empty buildings hired by the English traveling companies, and we wanted Irish plays and Irish players. When we thought of these plays we thought of everything that was romantic and poetical, because the nationalism we had called up?the nationalism every generation had called up in moments of discouragement?was romantic and poetical." [56]

Thainig meadu ar lion na ndiolachain ar a leabhra agus theastaigh o a fhoilsitheoiri ‘ Macmillan ’, e seo a caipitliu . Don chead uair riamh, bhi airgead aige agus bhi se abalta a fiacha a aisioc agus fiacha a athair a aisioc freisin. [57]

Meanaois [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Cill Phrotastunach
Ethel Mannin

Deirtear gur scriobh se a chuid saothair is fearr i ndiaidh gur bhuaigh se an duais Nobel, i measc na saothair sin ta The Tower (1928) agus The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933).

O thus 1925 , bhi slainte Yeats cobhsuithe agus chriochnaigh se an chuid is mo da scribhneoireacht do, ‘ A Vision ’ ( 1925 a deir an data ach taibhsigh siad sa bhliain 1926 e, nuair a bheagnach thosaigh Yeats a athscriobh le haghaidh leagan a do). Ceapach e mar Seanadoir sa bhliain 1922 don chead Seanad Eireann agus ceapadh aris e do thearma eile i 1925. [58] Go luath ina buainseilbh, bhi diospoireacht ar an gcolscaradh ar a duirt se gur fadhb go phriomhuil i an achrann idir an eiteas Eaglais Chaitliceach Romhanach ata ag teacht chun cinn agus an Chinsealacht Mionlach Phrotastunach. [59]

Nuair a dhiultaigh an Eaglais Chaitliceach glan athbhreithniu a dheanamh ar a seasamh i gcoinne an cholscartha, dhearbhaigh an Irish Times go gcruthodh aon bheart a chuirfeadh bac dlithiuil ar cholscaradh deighilt mhor idir Caitlicigh agus Protastunaigh agus go ndeanfadh se criochdheighilt na tire a chriostalu da bharr.

Mar fhreagra, thug Yeats sraith oraidi inar chuir se in aghaidh uaillmhianta an rialtais agus na cleire, uaillmhianta a bhi “quixotically impressive” [26] dar leis. Dar leis, chuirfeadh a mbearta Feachtais na Spainne Meanaoisi i gcuimhne do dhuine. Duirt se: "Marriage is not to us a Sacrament, but, upon the other hand, the love of a man and woman, and the inseparable physical desire, are sacred. This conviction has come to us through ancient philosophy and modern literature, and it seems to us a most sacrilegious thing to persuade two people who hate each other...to live together, and it is to us no remedy to permit them to part if neither can re-marry.” [31]

Cuireadh sios ar an bple a tharla ina dhiaidh sin mar cheann de bhuaicphointi poibli Yeats agus, o thaobh ide-eolaiochta de, thosaigh Yeats ag bogadh o iolrachas i dtreo na hEaglaise . D'eirigh a chuid cainte ni ba gheire; Rinne Yeats cur sios ar Peter Finlay , sagart de chuid na nIosanach , mar fhear a bhi thar a bheith drochbheasach ar fad. Duirt se, agus aifeala air, “It is one of the glories of the Church in which I was born that we have put our Bishops in their place in discussions requiring legislation”. Le linn an ama a chaith se sa Seanad, thug Yeats rabhadh eile da chomhghleacaithe: “If you show that this country, southern Ireland, is going to be governed by Roman Catholic ideas and by Catholic ideas alone, you will never get the North...You will put a wedge in the midst of this nation.” Is maith is cuimhin le daoine an abairt seo a duirt se maidir lena chomh- phrotastunaigh Eireannacha  : “we are no petty people.” [60]

Pablo Neruda

Ta an chuma ar an sceal gur eirigh Yeats bauil aris leis an gcoras uasaicmeach ag deireadh a shaoil. Tharla seo i ndiaidh Chliseadh Wall Street agus i ndiaidh An Spealta Mhoir go hairithe. Mar thoradh orthu siud, bhi roinnt daoine in amhras maidir le cumas an daonlathais dul i ngleic le gearduslain gheilleagracha . I ndiaidh dheireadh An Chead Chogadh Domhanda , d’eirigh se amhrasach maidir le heifeachtacht rialtais dhaonlathaigh . Cheap se go dtiocfadh athchoiriu polaitiuil tri rialu ollsmachtach san Eoraip. Mar thoradh ar an mbaint a bhi aige nios deanai le Pound , tarraingiodh a aird ar Benito Mussolini . Leirigh se ar roinnt ocaidi go raibh meas aige ar Mussolini. Scriobh se tri amhran mairseala ? nar usaideadh riamh ? do Leinte Gorma Eireannacha Ghinearail Eoin Duffy. Nuair a thug Pablo Nerud a cuireadh do cuairt a thabhairt ar Mhaidrid sa bhliain 1937 afach, d’fhreagair Yeats le litir ag tacu leis an bPoblacht i gcoinne an Fhaisisteachai s, agus thug se droim laimhe don Fhaisisteachas i mblianta deiridh a shaoil. [61]

I ndiaidh do a bheith aige i 1934 nuair a bhi se 69 bliain d’aois bhi nios mo fuinnimh aige. Ba leir ona chuid filiochta agus ona dhluthchaidrimh le mna nios oige na e, go raibh an tslainte nios fearr aige. Dos na cuig bliana deireanacha da shaol, thainig Yeats air fuinneamh nua follasach ina fhiliocht agus ina gcaidreamh pearsanta le mna oga. [62] Le linn e seo, bhi baint ag Yeats le roinnt caidreamh romansula , le cuid mhor daoine: an file / aisteoir Margot Ruddock agus an urscealai / iriseoir agus gneasai radacach Ethel Mannin [63] [64] . D’oir an eachtraiocht earotaic d'fhuinneamh cruthaitheach Yeats, mar a d’oir riamh, agus in ainneoin go raibh se ag dul in aois agus go raibh an tslainte ag teip air bhi se fos ina scribhneoir ilghniomhach. I litir sa bhliain 1935, duirt Yeats: “I find my present weakness made worse by the strange second puberty the operation has given me, the ferment that has come upon my imagination. If I write poetry it will be unlike anything I have done”. [65] I 1936, ghlac se leis an bpost mar eagarthoir ar an Oxford Book of Modern Verse, 1892?1935. [4]

Bas [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Menton
Roquebrune

Fuair Yeats bas i Hotel Ideal Segour, Menton , An Fhrainc , ar an 28u Eanair 1939 , 73 bliain d'aois aige. Adhlacadh e tar eis sochraid discreideach agus priobhaideach ag Roquebrune-Cap-Martin . Rinneadh iarrachtai ag Roquebrue le rogha a theaghlach , Yeats a bhogadh ar ais go hEireann , a athscaoileadh mar nach raibh siad cinnte ar a bhfeiniulacht. Rinneadh a chorp a dhiadhlaic agus a bhogadh go ossuary e. [65]

Bhiodh Yeats agus George ag ple ar a bhais go minic agus bhi se mar mhiansainraite ag Yeats go gcuirfi faoi thalamh e go tapa sa Fhrainc gan fuaidreamh ar bith. De reir George , na focail direach a bhi raite na, “If I die bury me up there [at Roquebrune] and then in a year's time when the newspapers have forgotten me, dig me up and plant me in Sligo." [66]

I Mean Fomhai r 1958 , bhogadh chorp le Yeats go St. Columas Church , Droim Chliabh , Sligeach ar an mbad corvette , Le Macha , [60] Seirbhis Chabhlaigh na hEireann . [67] Togadh a feartlaoi os na lionta deireanacha de ‘ Under Ben Bulben ” [68] ceann da danta deireanacha.

Stil [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Sintus le Yeats

Meastar go bhfuil Yeats ar cheann de na priomh fili Bearla sa 20u haois . Bhi se ina bhfile siombaili , ag usaid iomhanna agus struchtur siombalach trid is trid a ghairm bheatha . Roghnaigh se focail agus chuir se le cheile iad ionas go bhfeadfadh siad i dteannta le bri airithe, smaointe teibi a d’fheadfadh a bheith nios suantasai agus athshondach. Is gnach gurb iad an usaid a bhain se as siombaili [69] rud eigin fisiceach ata mar an rud i fein chomh maith leis an moladh ar chailiocht eile b’fheidir neamhabhartha no treithe gan am. [70]

Go neamhchosuil le fili eile nua-aimseartha a bhain trial as an t saorvearsaiocht , bhi maistreacht bainte amach ag Yeats sna foirmeacha traidisiunta . [71]

Obair le Yeats

Ta obair litriochta le Yeats, [72] a raibh scriofa nios deanai an-pearsanta ar fad, le tracht ann da mhac agus da inion [73] sna fiche bhliain deireanacha, chomh maith le meabhru ar a thaithi ag fas d’aois [74] sa dan, ‘ The Circus Animals' Desertion’ ,

“Now that my ladder's gone

I must lie down where all the ladders start

In the foul rag and bone shop of the heart.”

[41]

Ta tionchar an nua-aoiseachais ar a shaothar le sonru ar an tsli ar threig se friotal fileata gnasuil a luathshaothair ar mhaithe le teanga nios geire agus le cur chuige nios diri chun a chuid teamai a chur in iul. Is teanga agus cur chuige iad seo ata le sonru nios mo ar fhiliocht agus ar dhramai da chuid le linn a larthreimhse. Cuimsitear na himleabhair seo a leanas sa treimhse sin: In the Seven Woods, Responsibilities agus The Green Helmet.

Litir go hEzra Pound

Le linn 1929, d’fhan se ag Thoor Ballylee den uair dheireanach, gar don Ghort i gContae na Gaillimhe (ait a raibh teach samhraidh ag Yeats o 1919). Chaith se an chuid is mo da shaol ina dhiaidh sin ina chonai thar saile, ach mar sin fein, leasaigh se Teach Riversdale i Rath Fearnain, bruachbhaile i mBaile Atha Cliath, i 1932. Scriobh se go rafar i mblianta deiridh a shaoil agus d’fhoilsigh se filiocht, dramai agus pros. Sa bhliain 1938, d’fhreastail se ar Amharclann na Mainistreach den uair dheireanach chun cead leiriu a dhrama Purgatory a fheiceail. Foilsiodh a Autobiographies of William Butler Yeats an bhliain cheanna.

'Cathleen Ni Houlihan,' drama Bealoideas le Yeats


Bhain luathfhiliocht Yeats go mor le miotaseolaiocht agus le bealoideas na hEireann ach ba mho a bhain a shaothar ni ba dheanai le saincheisteanna nua-aoiseacha agus thainig athru ollmhor ar a stil. Is feidir a shaothar a roinnt i dtri threimhse ghinearalta. Ta fiorthon reamh-Rafaeiliteach le sonru ar a chuid luathdhanta. Ta siad ornaideach ar bhealach fein-chomhfhiosach agus, in amanna, de reir leirmheastoiri neamhbhaula, is danta craptha iad. Ba danta eipice a bhi a scriobh ag Yeats nuair a thosaigh se ar dtus, danta mar “The Isle of Statues” agus “The Wanderings of Oisin”. I ndiaidh do “The Wanderings of Oisin” a chriochnu ni dhearna se iarracht dan fada eile a chumadh. Is lirici iad a chuid luathdhanta eile ar theamai an ghra no ar abhair mhistiula agus rundiamhra. Le linn a larthreimhse, threig Yeats nadur reamh-Rafaeiliteach a luathshaothair agus rinne se iarracht stil Landor a ghlacadh chuige fein agus a bheith ag tracht ar an tsochai go hioronta ina chuid scribneoireachta. Dfheadfadh leirmheastoiri a dtaitnionn saothar a larthreimhse leo a ra gur saothar e a bhfuil rithimi lubacha agus laidre ann, saothar a bhfuil an nua-aoiseachas le sonru go gear air uaireanta. Ceapann leirmheastoiri eile afach, gur danta laga neamhshuimiula iad na danta seo o thaobh cumhacht samhlaiochta de. Fuair Yeats inspreagadh samhlaiochta nua da shaothar nios deanai on gcoras mistiuil a bhi se a dheanamh amach aige do fein faoi thionchar an spioradaltachais. I mbealai eagsula, is ag filleadh ar fhis a shaothair ni ba luaithe ata Yeats san fhiliocht seo. Deantar an deighilt idir fear an chlaimh a bhfuil a intinn gafa le cursai an tsaoil, agus an fear spioradalta diaganta, teama “The Wanderings of Oisin”, a mhacasamhlu in “A Dialogue Between Self and Soul”. [27]

Pablo Picasso


Maionn leirmheastoiri airithe go leiritear an targhabhail on 19u haois go nua-aoiseachas an 20u haois i bhfiliocht Yeats mar a leiritear i bpeinteireacht Pablo Picasso . Ceistionn leirmheastoiri eile an raibh moran cosulachta idir saothar Yeats nios deanai agus nua-aoisithe leitheidi Ezra Pound agus T.S. Eliot i ndairire. Mheas nua-aoisithe gur chaoineadh i leith mheath shibhialtacht na hEorpa de nadur Eliot e an dan cailiuil sin “The Second Coming”. Leirigh leirmheastoiri ni ba dheanai, afach, gur dan e seo ata bunaithe ar theoirici mistiula apacailipteacha Yeats agus, da bharr sin, go leirionn an dan intinn ata faoi thionchar na 1890idi. Thosaigh a chnuasaigh filiochta is tabhachtai le The Green Helmet (1910) agus Responsibilities (1914). Maidir le hiomhaineachas, ba ghonta agus ba chumhachtai a d’eirigh filiocht Yeats de reir mar a chuaigh se in aois. Ta roinnt de na hiomhanna is cumhachtai i bhfiliocht an 20u haois sna danta The Tower (1928), The Winding Stairs (1929), agus New Poems (1938); admhaitear i gcoitinne gurb iad na danta in Last Poems ar na cinn is fearr a scriobh se riamh.

Bhi an-suim ag Yeats i gcursai mistiula, is e sin i gcreidiuinti Diasunachta Hionduigh agus i gcursai diamhaire agus bhi an t-abhar seo mar phriomhbhonn ag a chuid filiochta deanai. Ta leirmheastoiri airithe in amhras faoi inchreidteacht intleachtuil na filiochta seo. Chun meitifisic shaothair dheanacha Yeats a thuiscint is ga iad a leamh i gcomhtheacs a chorais de bhunphrionsabail rundiamhra ata in A Vision (1925). Ta an dan “The Second Coming”, dan a scriobh se in 1920, ar an bhfoinse iomhanna is cumhachtai faoin bhfichiu haois.

Oidhreacht [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

An Palas Rioga
Dealbh Yeats

Foinsi [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Leitheoireacht [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Naisc Sheachtracha [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Saothar [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

Filiocht [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

  • 1886 - Mosada
  • 1889 - The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems
  • 1891 - John Sherman and Dhoya
  • 1892 - The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics
  • 1894 - The Land of Heart's Desire
  • 1895 - Poems
  • Drumcliff, Sligeach
    1897 - The Secret Rose
  • 1899 - The Wind Among the Reeds
  • 1900 - The Shadowy Waters
  • 1902 - Cathleen Ni Houlihan
  • 1903 - In the Seven Woods
  • 1910 - The Green Helmet and Other Poems
  • 1912 - The Cutting of an Agate
  • 1913 - Poems Written in Discouragement
  • 1914 - Responsibilities
  • 1917 - The Wild Swans at Coole
  • 1921 - Michael Robartes and the Dancer
  • 1921 - Four Plays for Dancers
  • 1924 - The Cat and the Moon
  • 1927 - October Blast
  • 1928 - The Tower
  • 1929 - The Winding Stair
  • 1933 - The Winding Stair and Other Poems
  • 1934 - Collected Plays
  • 1935 - A Full Moon in March
  • 1938 - New Poems
Portraid de W. B. Yeats on bhliain 1900 (pictiur lena dhearthair, John Butler Yeats )

Saothair eile [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

  • 1888 - Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry
  • 1891 - Representative Irish Tales
  • 1892 - Irish Faerie Tales
  • 1893 - The Celtic Twilight
  • 1907 - Discoveries
  • 1903 - Ideas of Good and Evil
  • 1916 - Reveries Over Childhood and Youth
  • 1918 - Per Amica Silentia Lunae
  • 1921 - Four Years
  • 1925 - A Vision
  • 1926 - Estrangement
  • 1926 - Autobiographies


Tagairti [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

  1. ↑ A. Norman Jeffares (1996). " Man of Action ". W. B. Yeats : 108?138. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.  
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 " A Yeats dictionary: persons and places in the poetry of William Butler Yeats " (1999-01-01). Choice Reviews Online 36 (05): 36?2477-36-2477. doi: 10.5860/choice.36-2477 . ISSN 0009-4978 .  
  3. ↑ Limerick Chronicle, (13 August 1763). "".  
  4. ↑ [ Phelan ]. " Meredith-J-Wiltfong-CO - User Trees - Genealogy.com ". www.genealogy.com lch, 174. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  5. ↑ " Ricorso: Digital materials for the study and appreciation of Anglo-Irish Literature ". www.ricorso.net . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Obituary. "W. B. Yeats Dead". The New York Times , 30 January 1939. Retrieved on 21 May 2007. Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES Times Studio (1939-01-30). " W.B. YEATS DEAD; FAMOUS IRISH POET; Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923 Is Stricken in France NOTED TOO AS PLAYWRIGHT Hailed by Masefield in 1935 as 'Greatest Living Poet'-- An Abbey Theatre Founder Wrote Poems, Esays, and Plays Went to School in London Active in Abbey Theatre Crowded Years Recalled ABBEY THEATRE CLOSES Will Remain Inactive for a Week as Tribute to Yeats " (en-US). The New York Times . Data rochtana: 2019-02-11.
  7. ↑ Hone (1943). "" (lch 28).  
  8. ↑ Foster (1997). "" (lch, 25).  
  9. ↑ Sessa, Anne Dzamba. (1979). " Richard Wagner and the English ". Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. OCLC 4037607 .  
  10. ↑ " Yeats in Bedford Park ". www.chiswickw4.com . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  11. ↑ Jordan (2003). "" (lch, 119).  
  12. ↑ Hone (1943). "" (lch 33).  
  13. ↑ Claire V. Nally (2006-2). " Leo Africanus As Irishman?: National Identity Formation in W. B. Yeats's A Vision " (as en). Irish Studies Review 14 (1): 57?67. doi: 10.1080/09670880500439810 . ISSN 0967-0882 .  
  14. ↑ Foster (1997). "": lch, 103.  
  15. ↑ Elizabeth Cullingford (1983). " How Jacques Molay Got Up the Tower: Yeats and the Irish Civil War ". ELH 50 (4): 763. doi: 10.2307/2872926 . ISSN 0013-8304 .  
  16. ↑ [ Davies ] (19u Deireadh Fomhair, 2018 & 8u Aibrean, 2013). " The Attraction of Bedford Park " (en-US). web.archive.org . Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2018-10-19. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  17. ↑ Tom Paulin (Iuil 2007). " The Poems of William Blake ". Taylor & Francis, 2004. doi: 10.4324/9780203995051 .   Curtha i gcartlann 2015-06-29 ar an Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Doody, Noreen, author.. " The influence of Oscar Wilde on W.B. Yeats : "an echo of someone else's music" " (lch, 10-12). OCLC 1028605568 .  
  19. ↑ Doody, Noreen, author.. " The influence of Oscar Wilde on W.B. Yeats : "an echo of someone else's music" " (lch, 116-123). OCLC 1028605568 .  
  20. ↑ Doody, Noreen, author.. " The influence of Oscar Wilde on W.B. Yeats : "an echo of someone else's music" " (lch, 207-280). OCLC 1028605568 .  
  21. ↑ Hone (1943). "" (lch, 83).  
  22. ↑ " RPO -- William Blake : The Four Zoas ". web.archive.org . Department of English, University of Toronto, 2005. 3 June 2007. (2007-06-14). Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2007-06-14. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12. Data rochtana: https://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/169.html .
  23. ↑ " FZ Online Variorum Edition ". web.archive.org (2011-09-26). Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2011-09-26. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  24. ↑ Alford, Norman. (1997). " The Rhymers' Club : poets of the tragic generation ". Macmillan. OCLC 59665734 .  
  25. ↑ Burke, Martin J (7 Mean Fomhair, 2005). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University:+ " Daidra from Philadelphia: Thomas Holley, Chivers and The Sons of Usna ". Columbia University. Data rochtana: 5 July 2007.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Ellmann (1948). "": lch, 97.  
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 " Sample Chapter for Auden, W.H.; Mendelson, E., ed.: The Complete Works of W.H. Auden: Prose, Volume II, 1939-1948. ". web.archive.org (2007-06-10). Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2007-06-10. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  28. ↑ Foster (1997). "": lch, 82-85.  
  29. ↑ Russell K. Alspach (1946-10). " The Use by Yeats and Other Irish Writers of the Folklore of Patrick Kennedy ". The Journal of American Folklore 59 (234): 404. doi: 10.2307/537040 . ISSN 0021-8715 .  
  30. ↑ Warwick Gould (2004-09-23). " Gyles, Margaret Alethea [known as Althea Gyles (1868?1949), artist and poet]". Oxford University Press.  
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Foster (1997). "": lch, 57.  
  32. ↑ Foster (1997). "": lch, 86-87.  
  33. ↑ Christopher Cahill (2003-12-01). " Second Puberty " (en-US). The Atlantic . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  34. ↑ O Corrain, Donnchadh; 2 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine". University College Cork. Retrieved on 15 July 2007. (2007-07-02). " Multitext - William Butler Yeats ". web.archive.org . Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2007-07-02. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  35. ↑ Jordan (2003 agus 1997). "": lch, 139-153 agus lch, 83-88.  
  36. ↑ Jordan (2000). "": lch, 13-141.  
  37. ↑ Foster (1997). "": lch. 394.  
  38. ↑ Malins; Purkis (1994). "": lch, 124.  
  39. ↑ Neil Corcoran (2012-10-25). " Modern Irish Poetry and The Visual Arts: Yeats to Heaney ". Oxford Handbooks Online . doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561247.013.0016 .  
  40. ↑ Foster (1997). "" (lch, 24).  
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 " Yeats, William Butler " (2011-10-31). Benezit Dictionary of Artists . Oxford University Press.  
  42. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 486-662.  
  43. ↑ Foster (1997). "": lch, 183.  
  44. ↑ Teacs atairgeadh o dhreacht lamhscriofa Yeats e fein.. "".  
  45. ↑ Foster (1997). "": lch,184.  
  46. ↑ [ Trinity College Dublin ] (Feabhra 12, 2004). " Irish Genius': The Yeats Family and The Cuala Press ". www.tcd.ie . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  47. ↑ Monroe, Harriet (1913.). " Poetry ". Poetry : lch, 123. (Chicago) Modern Poetry Association..  
  48. ↑ " Sands - The Influence of Japanese Noh Plays on William Butler Yeats ". writing.colostate.edu . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  49. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 59-66.  
  50. ↑ Alex. MacBain, Gregory (1904). " Gods and Fighting Men ". The Celtic Review 1 (1): 87. doi: 10.2307/30069775 . ISSN 1755-6066 .  
  51. ↑ " Sanford Sternlicht revisits ‘Modern Irish Drama’ " (en-US). SU News . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  52. ↑ " Roy Foster: Yeats emerged as poet of Irish Revolution, despite past political beliefs : 4/01 ". news.stanford.edu . Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2017-05-08. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  53. ↑ Ellmann (1948). "" (lch, 244).  
  54. ↑ " The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 " (en-US). NobelPrize.org . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  55. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 246-247.  
  56. ↑ Michael Valdez Moses from the February 2001 issue-view article in the Digital Edition (2001-02-01). " The Poet As Politician " (en). Reason.com . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  57. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 246-247.  
  58. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 228-239.  
  59. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 293.  
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Foster (2003). "": lch, 651.  
  61. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 468.  
  62. ↑ Wyndham, Diana. (2012). " Norman Haire and the study of sex ". Sydney: Sydney University Press. OCLC 795702307 .  
  63. ↑ " The National Library of Ireland - The Life and Works of William Butler Yeats - Online Exhibition ". www.nli.ie . Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2008-12-12. Data rochtana: 2019-02-13.
  64. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 504, 510-511.  
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Letter to Dorothy Wellesley, 17 Meitheamh 1935, Richard Ellmann (1985-05-09). " Yeats’s Second Puberty " (en). Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.The New York REview of Books 9 Bealtaine, 1985
  66. ↑ Jordan (2003). "": lch, 114.  
  67. ↑ Foster (2003). "": lch, 656.  
  68. ↑ Jordan (2003). "": lch, 115.  
  69. ↑ " WB Yeats " (en). The Irish Times . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  70. ↑ Ulanov, Barry (1961). " Makers of the modern theater: Ibsen [a.o. ]". McGraw-Hill. OCLC 470184991 .  
  71. ↑ " Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism Series - Gale ". www.cengage.com . Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  72. ↑ Richard Finneran (1997). " Yeats ". Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.  
  73. ↑ Young Suck Rhee (2004-12-31). " James Longenbach, Stone Cottage: Pound, Yeats & Modernism. (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988) ". The Yeats Journal of Korea 22 : 215?218. doi: 10.14354/yjk.2004.22.215 . ISSN 1226-4946 .  
  74. ↑ " Yeats and the logic of formalism " (2006-09-01). Choice Reviews Online 44 (01): 44?0154-44-0154. doi: 10.5860/choice.44-0154 . ISSN 0009-4978 .  
  75. ↑ " Sligo: W.B. Yeats Statue " (en-US). A Trip to Ireland (2014-07-08). Cartlannaiodh an bunleathanach ar 2018-05-03. Data rochtana: 2019-02-12.
  76. ↑ Grosvenor E. Powell (1981-04). " Yeats's Second "Vision": Berkeley, Coleridge, and the Correspondence with Sturge Moore ". The Modern Language Review 76 (2): 273. doi: 10.2307/3726410 . ISSN 0026-7937 .  







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